The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the anatomic localization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in naturally infected pigs and to determine whether oral fluid could be used to detect the virus in infected animals. Two sows, seven 2-month-old grower pigs, and 70 6-month-old gilts were included in this study. PRRSV in sera and oral fluid were identified by nested reverse transcription PCR (nRT-PCR) while lung, tonsil, and tissue associated with oral cavity were subjected to nRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. In sows, PRRSV was identified in oral fluid and tonsils. PRRSV was also detected in oral fluid, tonsils, salivary glands, oral mucosa, and lungs of all seven grower pigs. However, viremia was observed in only two grower pigs. Double staining revealed that PRRSV was distributed in macrophages within and adjacent to the tonsillar crypt epithelium. In gilts, the North American type PRRSV field strain was detected 3 to 8 weeks after introducing these animals onto the farm. These results confirm previous findings that PRRSV primarily replicates in tonsils and is then shed into oral fluid. Therefore, oral fluid sampling may be effective for the surveillance of PRRSV in breeding herds.
Animals ; Female ; In Situ Hybridization/veterinary ; Lung/virology ; Male ; Palatine Tonsil/virology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/*virology ; Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/*physiology ; Saliva/*virology ; Salivary Glands/virology ; Swine/virology ; Virus Replication/physiology

OBJECTIVETo discuss the significance of testing hepatitis B virus (HBV) from saliva in HBV patients.

METHODSHBV DNA content in serum and saliva of 200 HBV patients and 20 healthy subjects were detected by fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction. According to the serum level of HBV content, four groups were divided: control group A, group B negative, low virus C (1 x 10(3) - 1 x 10(5) copies/ml) and high-group D ( > 1 x 10(5) copies/ml). The relationship of serum and virus content in saliva was analysed.

RESULTSOf 200 HBV cases, 180 were found HBV DNA in serum with positive rate of 90.0%; while 145 were found HBV DNA in saliva with positive rate of 72.5%, and there was no significant difference (chi2 = 1.35, P > 0.05). The significant difference was observed in testing serum and saliva in Group C (100.0% vs. 38.5%; Z = 14.11, P < 0.01). In group D, there was no significant difference found either (100.0% vs. 83.8%; chi2 = 1.05, P > 0.05). Group D virus serum had a high average level of (6.63 +/- 1.55) log copies/ml virus and in the saliva had an average level of (5.21 +/- 1.85) log copies/ml; saliva had serum viral load lower than an order of magnitude average. No HBV DNA was found in serum or saliva from 20 health subjects.

CONCLUSIONWhen the serum contains a high content of HBV DNA virus, the content of saliva HBV DNA virus should be likely high, which might pose a threat of source of infection. A precise quantitative detection of HBV DNA in saliva might be used as evaluation of the level of virus in the body copy for judgment of infection.

Case-Control Studies ; DNA, Viral ; analysis ; blood ; Female ; Hepatitis B ; diagnosis ; transmission ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Saliva ; virology

OBJECTIVETo detect hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody in saliva and find its clinical significance.

METHODSSera and saliva samples from eighty-six patients were parallely detected HCV antibodies (anti-HCV) with EIA using a modified protocol.

RESULTSTwenty-nine of 86 patients were positive for anti-HCV in sera samples; and, 27/29 were also anti-HCV positive with saliva samples. For the 57 anti-HCV negative sera, the saliva samples were all negative. Comparing with the results of sera, the sensitivity (93.1%, 27/29) and specificity (100%, 57/57) of salivary detection for anti-HCV could be accepted.

CONCLUSIONIf the results of sera are considered as "golden standard", these results suggest that tests on saliva can be useful in HCV clinical diagnosis and epidemiological studies for estimating the prevalence of HCV in populations.

Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; immunology ; Clinical Laboratory Techniques ; methods ; Hepacivirus ; immunology ; Hepatitis C ; diagnosis ; virology ; Humans ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Saliva ; immunology ; virology ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Since Zika virus has been spreading rapidly in the Americas from 2015, the outbreak of Zika virus infection becomes a global health emergency because it can cause neurological complications and adverse fetal outcome including microcephaly. Here, we report clinical manifestations and virus isolation findings from a case of Zika virus infection imported from Brazil. The patient, 43-year-old Korean man, developed fever, myalgia, eyeball pain, and maculopapular rash, but not neurological manifestations. Zika virus was isolated from his semen, and reverse-transcriptase PCR was positive for the virus in the blood, urine, and saliva on the 7th day of the illness but was negative on the 21st day. He recovered spontaneously without any neurological complications. He is the first case of Zika virus infection in Korea imported from Brazil.
Adult ; Brazil ; Humans ; Male ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; RNA, Viral/analysis/blood/urine ; Republic of Korea ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Saliva/virology ; Semen/virology ; Travel ; Zika Virus/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Zika Virus Infection/*diagnosis/virology

2019-nCoV epidemic was firstly reported at late December of 2019 and has caused a global outbreak of COVID-19 now. Saliva, a biofluid largely generated from salivary glands in oral cavity, has been reported 2019-nCoV nucleic acid positive. Besides lungs, salivary glands and tongue are possibly another hosts of 2019-nCoV due to expression of ACE2. Close contact or short-range transmission of infectious saliva droplets is a primary mode for 2019-nCoV to disseminate as claimed by WHO, while long-distance saliva aerosol transmission is highly environment dependent within indoor space with aerosol-generating procedures such as dental practice. So far, no direct evidence has been found that 2019-nCoV is vital in air flow for long time. Therefore, to prevent formation of infectious saliva droplets, to thoroughly disinfect indoor air and to block acquisition of saliva droplets could slow down 2019-nCoV dissemination. This review summarizes diagnostic value of saliva for 2019-nCoV, possibly direct invasion into oral tissues, and close contact transmission of 2019-nCoV by saliva droplets, expecting to contribute to 2019-nCoV epidemic control.
Betacoronavirus ; isolation & purification ; pathogenicity ; Clinical Laboratory Techniques ; Coronavirus Infections ; diagnosis ; transmission ; Humans ; Mouth ; virology ; Pandemics ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A ; metabolism ; Pharynx ; virology ; Pneumonia, Viral ; diagnosis ; transmission ; SARS Virus ; isolation & purification ; pathogenicity ; Saliva ; virology

BACKGROUND: A reliable rapid assay for hepatitis C virus (HCV) may be helpful in various clinical settings. We evaluated the performance of the OraQuick HCV Rapid Antibody Test (OraSure Technologies Inc., Bethlehem, PA, USA). METHODS: Clinical sensitivity and specificity were evaluated with oral fluids and sera from 137 patients diagnosed with hepatitis C and 300 healthy blood donors in a multi-center collaborative study. The stored sera of 200 proven HCV-infected patients and 200 healthy subjects were also evaluated. Analytical sensitivity was estimated with 4 commercial seroconversion panels and 7 Korean reference panels. The performance of 4 laboratory-based tests (3 chemiluminescence assays and 1 enzyme immunoassay) and 4 rapid test kits was compared. We also assessed the interference due to bilirubin, hemoglobin, lipid, rheumatoid factor, multipara, and several viral infections. RESULTS: The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the OraQuick HCV test using oral fluid were 97.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 93.2-99.4%) and 100% (95% CI, 98.4-100%), respectively. The clinical sensitivity using serum samples was 100%. Using the 4 seroconversion panels, the OraQuick HCV test showed results comparable to those of the laboratory-based assays; its analytical sensitivity was higher than that of the other rapid test kits. There was no cross-reactivity with common interfering factors. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical performance of the OraQuick HCV Test is comparable to that of laboratory-based tests with both serum and oral fluid. This supports the supplementary use of rapid HCV testing using oral fluid in various medical and non-medical settings.
Cross Reactions ; Hepacivirus/*immunology ; Hepatitis C/blood/*diagnosis ; Hepatitis C Antibodies/*blood ; Humans ; Immunoassay ; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic ; Saliva/immunology/virology ; Sensitivity and Specificity

BACKGROUND: A reliable rapid assay for hepatitis C virus (HCV) may be helpful in various clinical settings. We evaluated the performance of the OraQuick HCV Rapid Antibody Test (OraSure Technologies Inc., Bethlehem, PA, USA). METHODS: Clinical sensitivity and specificity were evaluated with oral fluids and sera from 137 patients diagnosed with hepatitis C and 300 healthy blood donors in a multi-center collaborative study. The stored sera of 200 proven HCV-infected patients and 200 healthy subjects were also evaluated. Analytical sensitivity was estimated with 4 commercial seroconversion panels and 7 Korean reference panels. The performance of 4 laboratory-based tests (3 chemiluminescence assays and 1 enzyme immunoassay) and 4 rapid test kits was compared. We also assessed the interference due to bilirubin, hemoglobin, lipid, rheumatoid factor, multipara, and several viral infections. RESULTS: The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the OraQuick HCV test using oral fluid were 97.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 93.2-99.4%) and 100% (95% CI, 98.4-100%), respectively. The clinical sensitivity using serum samples was 100%. Using the 4 seroconversion panels, the OraQuick HCV test showed results comparable to those of the laboratory-based assays; its analytical sensitivity was higher than that of the other rapid test kits. There was no cross-reactivity with common interfering factors. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical performance of the OraQuick HCV Test is comparable to that of laboratory-based tests with both serum and oral fluid. This supports the supplementary use of rapid HCV testing using oral fluid in various medical and non-medical settings.
Cross Reactions ; Hepacivirus/*immunology ; Hepatitis C/blood/*diagnosis ; Hepatitis C Antibodies/*blood ; Humans ; Immunoassay ; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic ; Saliva/immunology/virology ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Adult ; Aged ; Antibodies, Viral/metabolism* ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/metabolism* ; Male ; Measles/metabolism* ; Measles virus/physiology* ; Medical Staff ; Middle Aged ; Saliva/virology* ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship between the molecular characteristics and phylogenetic evolution of rabies N gene.

METHODSSaliva samples were collected from rabies cases, and RT-PCR was used to amplify the N gene of rabies virus with the specific primers. The amplifying product of RT-PCR was cloned to pUCm-T vector and transformed into E.coli XL1-Blue and then the blue-white selection, PCR screening and gene sequencing were carried out to identify the positive clones. Finally, ExPASy and other bioinformatics software were used to analyze and predict the structure and biological characteristics of the N genome.

RESULTSThe amplification product of RT-PCR was 1 353 bp, the recombinant plasmid pUCm-T/N was constructed, the whole length of the N gene open reading frame was composed of 1 353 nucleotide residues to code 450 amino acids (20 kinds), the accession number submitted to the Genbank was HM756692, its sequence homology of nucleotides and amino acids compared with the vaccine strain CTN-1-V was 90% and 99% respectively. The evolutionary analysis showed that the isolated strain belonged to genotype I with certain geographic regionality.

CONCLUSIONThe characteristics investigation and bioinformatics analysis of Hunan0806 N gene will provide fundamental data to reveal the significance of the N gene characteristics for rabies epidemiology and its prevention & control.

Amino Acid Sequence ; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral ; physiology ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleocapsid Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Protein Conformation ; Rabies ; virology ; Rabies virus ; genetics ; metabolism ; Saliva ; virology