The effects of subconjunctivally injected normal saline and hypertonic saline solution on the choroidal blood flow in albino rabbits were investigated. By the injection of 0.9% saline solution, no significant changes in the choroidal blood flow took place. Subconjunctival injection of 3% saline solution produced increase in the blood flow which continued for 30 minutes. The average increase was 22%. Hot dry compress by infra-red lamp for 10 minutes increased also the blood flow by 41 % which lasted for 20 minutes after cessation of hot compress.
Choroid ; Rabbits ; Saline Solution, Hypertonic* ; Sodium Chloride

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Osmolarity is known to affect ciliary beat frequency (CBF) ; however, little is known about the effects of saline spray or irrigation on ciliary activity in human nasal epithelium. The aim of this study was to assess whether CBF is affected by hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic saline solution in vitro and whether histologic changes are associated with the alteration of ciliary movement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Normal turbinate mucosa was exposed to five different concentrations including 0.06%, 0.12%, 0.9%, 3.0%, and 7.0% of phosphate-buffered saline solutions. CBF was measured up to 60 minutes after exposure to each concentration of saline solution and histologic changes were examined by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Isotonic and hypotonic saline solutions produced no ciliary slowing ; however, ciliostasis was observed within a few minutes in 3.0% or 7.0% saline solution. Immediately after complete ciliostasis in the hypertonic solutions, the solutions were replaced with 0.12% or 0.9% saline solution in order to observe the reversibility of CBF. Only 0.12% hypotonic saline induced the recovery of ciliary movement. The ultrastructural changes demonstrated that the ciliary slowing might be attributed to epithelial damage by fluid transport toward the surrounding medium. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that isotonic and hypotonic saline solutions may be more appropriate for nasal irrigation than hypertonic saline solutions.
Humans* ; Hypertonic Solutions ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Mucous Membrane ; Nasal Lavage ; Nasal Mucosa* ; Osmolar Concentration ; Saline Solution, Hypertonic ; Sodium Chloride* ; Turbinates

The study was conducted on 82 simple goiter patients and 91 Basedow patients after at least one year using iodized salt daily. The results showed that the uptake of radioactive iodine (RAIU) by the thyroid gland of simple goiter and Basedow patients decreased after 2 and 24 hours taking an oral dose of radioactive iodine. Especially, the decrease was 40-50% in simple goiter patients. The concentration of T3, T4, TSH in the sera was as following: in the simple goiter patients, the concentrations of T3 and TSH were slightly decreased, and the T4 serum concentration was increased. However, all the values were still within the normal range of euthyroidism. In Basedow patients, the concentrations of T3, T4, and TSH have not changed.
Iodine ; Radioimmunoassay ; Thyroid Gland ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary

OBJECTIVETo draft out the simplified scheme of iodized salt monitoring program to compare with the current scheme, and to study its feasibility.

METHODS8 counties from 4 provinces were selected at different coverage rate of iodized salt. Conduct the monitoring program using the current scheme and the simplified scheme, then compare the results.

RESULTSThe monitoring results of the current scheme showed the coverage rate of iodized salt and adequate iodized salt were 88.1% and 84.8% and the data of the simplified scheme were 85.2% and 79.8% respectively. Five counties reached above 90% of both the coverage rates of iodized salt and adequate iodized salt and the results showed no significant difference between the two schemes. The rates of other three counties were low, and the difference was significant between Dulan and Linxia counties. To the whole samples, the difference was also significant.

CONCLUSIONThe simplified scheme could be applied to those that the coverage rate of iodized salt was quite high or the non-iodized salt was well-distrbuted. However, for those areas with low coverage rate, it might not be suitable. As for the whole nation, it might not be popularized due to the gap of coverage rate between western and eastern areas.

Humans ; Hypertension ; prevention & control ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary

This study was intended to investigate the sodium-related perception, dietary behavior, and practicability of methods for reducing sodium intake(RSI) according to the stage of change in consumers. The survey was conducted to 770 housewives, among them 553 subjects who answered the key questions for the stage of change were categorized into ''aintenance (M)' stage (maintaining reduced salt intake for more than 6 months; n = 287, 51.90%), 'Action (A)' stage (maintaining reduced salt intake for less than 6 months; n=139, 25.14%), and 'Pre-Action (P)'stage (not starting reduced salt intake; n = 127, 22.97%). The subjects in M and A were significantly older than those in P (p < 0.01). The scores of desirable dietary habit and dietary balance were the highest in M followed by A and P. When eating out, the subjects in P considered 'price' more and 'healthiness of food' less than those in M and A did. Among the guidelines for RSI, 'Avoid Processed Foods', 'Eat enough vegetables and fruits' and 'Add little amount of dipping sauce for fried food' were selected as the three easiest items to perform. With regard to the sodium-related perception, the subjects in M considered eating-out food to be more salty than homemade dishes, read nutrition labels more, avoided table salt or dipping sauce for fried food more, and had 'own low-sodium recipe' than those in P (p < 0.001). It is suggested that practicability of actions for RSI and the stage of change should be considered to develop effective personalized education program and nutrition guidance.
Eating ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Sodium ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; Vegetables

Sodium ; Wastewater ; Potassium ; Diet ; Blood Pressure ; China ; Sodium, Dietary ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary

Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound and saline infusion sonography in the evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding. Setting: Philippine General Hospital Design: Cross-sectional study. Transvaginal sonography and saline infusion sonography were performed and findings correlated with histopathologic results obtained by hysteroscopy or endometrial biopsy. Results: At a 95 percent confidence interval, the sensitivity of TVS was higher than SIS (92.9 percent), the specificity of SIS was greater than TVS (50 percent vs 0). The positive predictive value and negative predictive of SIS (91.7 percent, 50 percent) were both greater than that obtained by TVS (86.7 percent, 0). Comparing these two proportions, there was no sufficient evidence to say that there exists a significant difference. Conclusion: Transvaginal sonography and saline infusion sonography are invaluable tools in the evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding.
HEMORRHAGE ; ULTRASONOGRAPHY ; SALINE SOLUTION, HYPERTONIC

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of inhaled hypertonic saline solution in hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis. METHODS: A randomized double blind trial was performed from October 2003 to May 2004. A total of eighty patients <1 year of age with a clinical diagnosis of acute viral bronchiolitis were enrolled and assigned to receive either of the following:inhalation of 2 mL(0.5 mg) fenoterol added to 2 mL of 0.9 percent saline solution(group 1; n=40) or 2 mL(0.5 mg) fenoterol added to 2 mL of 3 percent saline solution(group 2; n=40). This therapy was repeated at six hours interval after admission. They were evaluated daily just before and 20 minutes after nebulization. The outcome measures included changes in clinical severity score(based on respiratory rate, presence of wheezing, retraction, and general condition) after nebulization and duration of hospitalization. RESULTS: In the clinical severity score, a significant improvement was observed during the 72 hours of hospitalization in both groups(P<0.05). The basic clinical severity scores before inhalation were decreased significantly faster in group 2 as compared to group 1 on each day of treatment(P<0.05). The mean duration of hospital stay was significantly reduced in group 2 than group 1(5.9+/-1.9 days versus 7.4+/-2.0 days, P<0.05). No adverse effects were associated with inhaled therapy. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a nebulized 3 percent saline solution plus 0.5 mg fenoterol may be more effective than a 0.9 percent saline solution plus 0.5 mg fenoterol in accelerating the clinical recovery of infants with viral bronchiolitis.
Bronchiolitis* ; Bronchiolitis, Viral ; Diagnosis ; Fenoterol* ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Infant* ; Inhalation ; Length of Stay ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Respiratory Rate ; Respiratory Sounds ; Saline Solution, Hypertonic* ; Sodium Chloride

In order to determine the tolerance ability of platelet to change of osmotic pressure in solution, the isotonic fresh platelets were exposed to a series of crystal salt solutions with osmotic pressure range from 47 to 611 mOsm for 15 minutes. Then the platelets were returned to isotonic condition and kept for 15 minutes. The expressions of phosphatidylserine and CD62p were assayed in platelets. The results showed that the phosphatidylserine and CD62p expressions were increased when the osmotic pressure of solution was below 238 mOsm, but no significant rise was detected when the platelets were exposed to 611 mOsm solution. No increases of positive rate of CD62p and phosphatidylserine were detected in platelets returned to isotonic condition. It is concluded that platelets are sensitive to hypoosmotic solution and tolerated to hyperosmotic solution. Exceeding the platelet safe volume limitation may lead to injure of platelet osmosis in crystal salt solution.
Blood Platelets ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Humans ; Hypotonic Solutions ; pharmacology ; Isotonic Solutions ; pharmacology ; Osmotic Pressure ; P-Selectin ; biosynthesis ; Phosphatidylserines ; biosynthesis ; Saline Solution, Hypertonic ; pharmacology ; Sodium Chloride ; pharmacology