1.Determination of tolerance ability of platelet to the change of solution osmotic pressure and its significance.
Xi-Lin OUYANG ; Jing-Han LIU ; Dayong GAO
Journal of Experimental Hematology 2003;11(1):89-91
In order to determine the tolerance ability of platelet to change of osmotic pressure in solution, the isotonic fresh platelets were exposed to a series of crystal salt solutions with osmotic pressure range from 47 to 611 mOsm for 15 minutes. Then the platelets were returned to isotonic condition and kept for 15 minutes. The expressions of phosphatidylserine and CD62p were assayed in platelets. The results showed that the phosphatidylserine and CD62p expressions were increased when the osmotic pressure of solution was below 238 mOsm, but no significant rise was detected when the platelets were exposed to 611 mOsm solution. No increases of positive rate of CD62p and phosphatidylserine were detected in platelets returned to isotonic condition. It is concluded that platelets are sensitive to hypoosmotic solution and tolerated to hyperosmotic solution. Exceeding the platelet safe volume limitation may lead to injure of platelet osmosis in crystal salt solution.
Blood Platelets
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drug effects
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metabolism
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Humans
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Hypotonic Solutions
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pharmacology
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Isotonic Solutions
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pharmacology
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Osmotic Pressure
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P-Selectin
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biosynthesis
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Phosphatidylserines
;
biosynthesis
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Saline Solution, Hypertonic
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pharmacology
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Sodium Chloride
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pharmacology
2.Assessment of hyperosmotic solution anhydration by the use of reduced scattering coefficients measured in rat's local cortex.
Lijuan DAI ; Guoran HUA ; Zhiyu QIAN
Journal of Biomedical Engineering 2010;27(6):1202-1205
A new method that uses the reduced scattering coefficients (micro'(s)) measured in rat's brain tissue in vivo after administration of hyperosmotic solution by bifurcated fiber optic probe is proposed in this paper. 60 SD rats were divided into three groups by randomization method, and then were treated by 0.9% NaCl, 20% Mannitol and 7.5% NaCl through vena caudalis, respectively. The changes of micro'(s) in every rat's local cortex were observed continuously by a bifurcated fiber optic probe in vivo in a mini-invasive way. No changes of micro'(s) were observed in the control group which was given by 0.9% NaCl, while the micro'(s), relative changes of the 20% mannitol group and 7.5% NaCl group increased by 7.3% +/- 1.7% and 12.8% +/- 2.9%, respectively. The results showed that there were significant differences among the three groups (P < 0.05). The micro'(s) of rat's local cortex observed by bifurcated fiber optic probe can be used for shedding light on the anhydration induced by hyperosmotic solution.
Animals
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Cerebral Cortex
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drug effects
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Female
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Male
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Mannitol
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pharmacology
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Random Allocation
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Rats
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Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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Saline Solution, Hypertonic
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pharmacology
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Scattering, Radiation
3.Study on the effect of volume expansion by 0.9% and 1.8% sodium solution on cardiac-renal reflex in rabbits.
Kui LU ; Qiang-wen PAN ; Ji-mei TIAN ; Xi-xia WANG ; Zhi-qiang FENG
Chinese Journal of Applied Physiology 2006;22(3):293-297
AIMTo study the effect of volume expansion by 0.9% and 1.8% sodium solution on cardiac-renal reflex activity and the role of cardiac-renal reflex in the regulation of integrated function.
METHODS18 health pentobarbital-anaesthetized rabbits were divided evenly into 2 groups at random, bilateral sino-aortic denervation, intubated via right jugular vein to monitor CVP, left renal nerve separated and ending sectioned to record ERSNA, bilateral ureter intubated to collect urine, right femoral intubated to get blood sample. 15% of whole body blood volume of 0.9% and 1.8% sodium solution were injected via jugular vein 10 ml per minute respectively. The CVP, ERSNA, bilateral urine volume and coefficient of sodium excretion were measured before treated, during treated, one minute, five minutes and ten minutes after treated.
RESULTSVolume expansion by 0.9% and 1.8% sodium solution respectively resulted in the increase of CVP by 64.00% +/- 15.56% and 77.00% +/- 23.74%; the decrease of the frequency of ERSNA by 44.00% +/- 13.64% and 63.00% +/- 12.49%, the average burst time of ERSNA by 37.00% +/- 16.49% and 31.00% +/- 10.69%, the increase of average interval of ERSNA bursts by 60.00% +/- 18.38% and 68.00% +/- 27.04%; the increase of urine volume by 158.00% +/- 28.10% and 640.00% +/- 155.39% in left kidney, 192.00% +/- 32.26% and 1343.00% +/- 429.95% in the right; the increase of coefficient of sodium excretion by 132.00% +/- 35.23% and 376.00% +/- 121.72% in the left, 300.00% +/- 76.99% and 856.00% +/- 261.48% in the right.
CONCLUSIONVolume expansion by different solution stimulate the receptors of cardiopulmonary and regulate the water and sodium excretion of the kidney by the cardiac-renal reflex to modulate the stabilization of blood volume.
Animals ; Blood Volume ; drug effects ; physiology ; Central Venous Pressure ; Heart ; drug effects ; innervation ; Kidney ; drug effects ; innervation ; Rabbits ; Reflex ; Saline Solution, Hypertonic ; pharmacology
4.Effect of hypertonic saline solution on the left ventricular functions of isolated hearts from burned rats.
Jihong ZHOU ; Dawei LIU ; Zhengguo WANG ; Peifang ZHU
Chinese Journal of Traumatology 2002;5(3):151-155
OBJECTIVETo study the effect of hypertonic saline solution on the left ventricular functions of isolated hearts from burned rats.
METHODSThirty-six Wistar rats were used and divided into 4 groups: (1) normal hearts perfused with isotonic Krebs-Henseleit solution; (2) normal hearts perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution which contained 215 mmol/L Na+; (3) hearts of rats suffered from 25% TBSA third degree burn and perfused with isotonic Krebs-Henseleit solution; (4) hearts of the burned rats perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution which contained 215 mmol/L Na+. The systolic and diastolic functions of the left ventricle were observed.
RESULTSDuring perfusion, there were very short periods of decrease in heart systolic and diastolic functions at first, but they recovered very soon and even became stronger than normal both in the normal and burned rats. The systolic and diastolic functions of the hearts increased very significantly when the perfusion solution was changed to isotonic solution from the hypertonic solutions. The effect of the hypertonic saline solution on the ventricular systolic and diastolic improvements was stronger in the hearts of the burned rats than that in the normal hearts.
CONCLUSIONSHypertonic saline solution can directly affect myocardium and significantly improve the ventricular systolic and diastolic functions, especially in the hearts of the burned rats.
Animals ; Burns ; physiopathology ; Female ; Heart ; drug effects ; Male ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Saline Solution, Hypertonic ; pharmacology ; Ventricular Function, Left ; drug effects
5.Effects of 4% Hypertonic Saline Solution Mouthwash on Oral Health of Elders in Long Term Care Facilities.
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2014;44(1):13-20
PURPOSE: This study was done to examine the effects of 4% hypertonic saline solution mouthwash and tooth brushing education on the oral health of elders living in long term care facilities. METHODS: In this quasi-experimental study, the participants were assigned to a 2% experimental group (n=20), a 4% experimental group (n=20), and a control group (n=20). Data were analyzed using ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA, Fisher exact test, Chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test and multiple response analysis with the SAS program. RESULTS: Regular tooth brushing and use of 4% hypertonic saline solution mouthwash by elders provided better oral health by decreasing xerostomia, oral tongue plaque, halitosis, and the number of oral bacteria. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that regular tooth brushing with continuous 4% hypertonic saline solution mouth washing education promotes oral health for elders in long term care facilities, thus the dental care described in this study is recommended for elders in long term facilities.
Aged
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Aged, 80 and over
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Bacteria/drug effects/isolation & purification
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Dental Plaque/prevention & control
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Female
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Halitosis/prevention & control
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*Homes for the Aged
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Humans
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Male
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Mouthwashes/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
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*Oral Health
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Saline Solution, Hypertonic/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
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Toothbrushing
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Xerostomia/prevention & control
6.Cardiovascular change induced by central hypertonic saline are accompanied by GABA release in awake rats.
Xiao-Lei GAO ; Gui-Dong YIN ; Yan-Hua BING ; Yuan-Zhe JIN ; Qing-Hua JIN
Chinese Journal of Applied Physiology 2009;25(4):462-466
AIMTo investigate the possible involvement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in cardiovascular responses induced by central salt loading.
METHODSDirect perfusion into PVN region with hypertonic saline (0.6 mol/L) was performed in conscious rats by using an in vivo brain microdialysis technique. Then, the extracellular concentration of GABA in the PVN region was measured by microdialysis and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques, and the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were with recorded simultaneously. Bicuculline (an antagonist of GABAA receptor) or saclofen (an antagonist of GABAB receptor) were coperfused hypertonic saline into PVN region, then the cardiovascular responses were examined.
RESULTS(1) The local perfusion of 0.6 mol/L saline elicited significant increases on BP and HR (P < 0.01). In addition, perfusion of 0.6 mol/L saline increased the extracellular GABA levels in the PVN region, which reached 561.96% +/- 173.96% (P < 0.05) of the basal level. (2) Bicuculline or salcofen significantly attenuated the in-response of BP (P < 0.01, respectively), whereas the antagonists did not influence the response of HR induced by hypertonic saline.
CONCLUSIONLocal perfusion of hypertonic saline in the PVN region elicits a local release of GABA, which may act via GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors to produce pressor response.
Animals ; Blood Pressure ; drug effects ; physiology ; Male ; Microdialysis ; methods ; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus ; metabolism ; physiology ; Pressoreceptors ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Saline Solution, Hypertonic ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ; metabolism
7.Protein kinase C micron plays an essential role in hypertonicity-induced heat shock protein 70 expression.
Yun Sook LIM ; Jae Seon LEE ; Tai Qin HUANG ; Jeong Sun SEO
Experimental & Molecular Medicine 2008;40(6):596-606
Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), which evidences important functions as a molecular chaperone and anti-apoptotic molecule, is substantially induced in cells exposed to a variety of stresses, including hypertonic stress, heavy metals, heat shock, and oxidative stress, and prevents cellular damage under these conditions. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the induction of HSP70 in response to hypertonicity has been characterized to a far lesser extent. In this study, we have investigated the cellular signaling pathway of HSP70 induction under hypertonic conditions. Initially, we applied a variety of kinase inhibitors to NIH3T3 cells that had been exposed to hypertonicity. The induction of HSP70 was suppressed specifically by treatment with protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors (Go6976 and GF109203X). As hypertonicity dramatically increased the phosphorylation of PKC micron, we then evaluated the role of PKC micron in hypertonicity-induced HSP70 expression and cell viability. The depletion of PKC micron with siRNA or the inhibition of PKC micron activity with inhibitors resulted in a reduction in HSP70 induction and cell viability. Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP), a transcription factor for hypertonicity-induced HSP70 expression, was translocated rapidly into the nucleus and was modified gradually in the nucleus under hypertonic conditions. When we administered treatment with PKC inhibitors, the mobility shift of TonEBP was affected in the nucleus. However, PKC micron evidenced no subcellular co-localization with TonEBP during hypertonic exposure. From our results, we have concluded that PKC micron performs a critical function in hypertonicity-induced HSP70 induction, and finally cellular protection, via the indirect regulation of TonEBP modification.
Animals
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Carbazoles/pharmacology
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Cell Line
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Flavonoids/pharmacology
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HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/*biosynthesis
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Humans
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Indoles/pharmacology
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Isoquinolines/pharmacology
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MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology
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Maleimides/pharmacology
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Mice
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NFATC Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Phosphorylation
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Promoter Regions, Genetic
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Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors/*physiology
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Protein Transport
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Saline Solution, Hypertonic/*pharmacology
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Signal Transduction
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Sulfonamides/pharmacology
8.Hypertonic stimulation induces synthesis and release of glutamate in cultured rat hypothalamic astrocytes and C6 cells.
Rong CAO ; Shan JIANG ; Li DUAN ; Ying-Fei XIONG ; Bei GAO ; Zhi-Ren RAO
Neuroscience Bulletin 2008;24(6):359-366
OBJECTIVETo investigate whether hypertonic saline (HS) can induce the synthesis and release of glutamate in cultured hypothalamic astrocytes or C6 cell line.
METHODSAstrocytes were isolated, cultured, purified and identified from the hypothalamus of newborn rat (1 day). The astrocytes were randomly divided into five groups: isotonic (IS) and HS groups, astrocytes were incubated by IS and HS (320 mosM NaCl) medium, respectively, for 1, 3, 5, 10 or 15 min; carbenoxolone (CBX)+IS and CBX+HS groups, astrocytes were pre-treated with CBX (100 mmol/L) for 1 h at 37 degrees C in a 5% CO(2) / 95% atmosphere, then removed to IS and HS medium, respectively, for 1, 3, 5, 10 or 15 min; Ca(2+)+HS group, astrocytes were pre-incubated with Ca Ca(2+) (1,000 micromol/L) for 1 h at 37 degrees C in a 5% CO(2) / 95% atmosphere, followed by a wash with isotonic FBS/DMEM, and then removed to hypertonic saline for 1, 3, 5, 10 or 15 min. The media of five groups were collected to analyze the medium glutamate concentration with high performance liquid chromatography. The astrocytes were fixed and double immunofluorescent stained with anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and anti-glutamate. The C6 cells were divided into four groups: IS, HS, CBX+IS and CBX+HS groups, and used for quantitative measurement of glutamate in cells by flow cytometry (FCM).
RESULTS(1) Anti-GFAP immunofluorescent signal revealed no significant difference among various time points in each group, or among the five groups. (2) The anti-glutamate immunofluorescent signal was increased in HS group and peaked at 5 min, and decreased and returned to the level of IS group at 15 min (P < 0.01 vs the 5 min of HS group). In CBX+HS group, the glutamate intensity was higher than that in CBX+IS and HS groups. (3) The medium glutamate concentration had no change after treatment with HS for 1 and 3 min, while increased markedly after treatment for 5 min to 15 min (P< 0.01 vs 1 min and 3 min). On the contrary, the medium glutamate concentrations in the CBX+HS or Ca(2+)+HS group were significant lower than that in the HS group (P < 0.01). (4) FCM showed HS and CBX+HS induced glutamate increase in C6 cells.
CONCLUSIONHS induced cultured rat hypothalamic astrocytes or C6 cells to synthesize and release glutamate; CBX could block glutamate release, but could not disrupt glutamate synthesis.
Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Astrocytes ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Calcium ; pharmacology ; Carbenoxolone ; pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Flow Cytometry ; Gene Expression Regulation ; drug effects ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ; metabolism ; Glutamic Acid ; metabolism ; Hypothalamus ; cytology ; Rats ; Saline Solution, Hypertonic ; pharmacology ; Time Factors
9.The role of tonicity responsive enhancer sites in the transcriptional regulation of human hsp70-2 in response to hypertonic stress.
Jee In HEO ; Mi Suk LEE ; Jeong Hyun KIM ; Jae Seon LEE ; Jaebong KIM ; Jae Bong PARK ; Jae Yong LEE ; Jeong A HAN ; Jong Il KIM
Experimental & Molecular Medicine 2006;38(3):295-301
The inducible 70 kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp70) in mice are encoded by two almost identical genes, hsp70.1 and hsp70.3. Studies have found that only hsp70.1 is induced by hypertonic stress while both hsp70.1 and hsp70.3 genes are expressed in response to heat shock stress. It is unclear if the human counterparts, hsp70-2 and hsp70-1, are differentially regulated by heat shock and osmotic stress. This study found that only hsp70-2 was induced by hypertonic stress in human embryonic kidney epithelial cells and fibroblasts, while heat shock stress induced both hsp70-1 and hsp70-2. The human hsp70-2 promoter region contains three TonE (tonicity-responsive enhancer) sites, which were reported to play an important role in the response to hypertonicity. When the reporter plasmids containing different parts of the 5' flanking region of hsp70-2 were transfected into human embryonic kidney epithelial cells or fibroblasts, one TonE site at -135 was found to play a key role in the response to hypertonicity. The inactivation of the TonE site using site-directed mutagenesis led to the complete loss of induction by hypertonicity, which demonstrates the essential role of the TonE site. This suggests that the TonE site and the TonEBP (TonE binding protein) are the major regulators for the cellular response against high osmolarity in human kidney tissue.
Transcription, Genetic/drug effects/genetics
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Transcription Factors/genetics/*physiology
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Saline Solution, Hypertonic/*pharmacology
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Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Protein Binding
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Promoter Regions (Genetics)/genetics
;
Point Mutation
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Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
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Humans
;
HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/*genetics/metabolism
;
Gene Expression Regulation/*drug effects
;
DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism
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Cell Line
;
Binding Sites/genetics
;
Base Sequence
;
5' Flanking Region/genetics
10.Effect of hypertonic versus isotonic saline resuscitation on heme oxygenase-1 expression in visceral organs following hemorrhagic shock in rats.
Yuan Qiang LU ; Lin Hui GU ; Jiu Kun JIANG ; Han Zhou MOU
Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2013;26(8):684-688
To compare the early effects of hypertonic and isotonic saline resuscitation on heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in organs of rats with hemorrhagic shock. Rats were randomly divided into hypertonic saline resuscitation (HTS), normal saline resuscitation (NS) and sham groups. HO-1 mRNA, protein expression and apoptosis were evaluated in organs. In the HTS group, significant difference was noted in HO-1 protein in small intestinal mucosa and liver compared with the NS and sham groups, and in HO-1 mRNA in liver and kidney compared with the sham group. The apoptosis of small intestinal mucosa, liver, heart, and lung was significantly lower in the HTS group than that in the NS group. In this study, small volume resuscitation with HTS can efficiently up-regulate the expression level of HO-1 in small intestinal mucosa and liver, which may be one of the mechanisms alleviating organ damage.
Animals
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Base Sequence
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Blood Pressure
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DNA Primers
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Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
;
drug effects
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Heme Oxygenase-1
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metabolism
;
Intestine, Small
;
enzymology
;
Kidney
;
enzymology
;
Liver
;
enzymology
;
RNA, Messenger
;
genetics
;
Rats
;
Resuscitation
;
methods
;
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
;
Saline Solution, Hypertonic
;
pharmacology
;
Shock, Hemorrhagic
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enzymology