The conversion of exogenous p-hydroxybenzaldehyde to p-hydroxy-methyl-phenol-beta-D-glucoside (gastrodin) was studied by using cell suspension culture of Datura tatula L. The chemical structure of this synthesized gastrodin was identified based on the spectral analysis and chemical evidence. The conversion procedure of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde into gastrodin by D. tatula L. cell suspension cultures was established. The synthesized gastrodin (II) was isolated from the ferment liquor and identified by spectral analysis. At the same time, the p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (I) converted through biotransformation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde by cell suspension cultures of D. tatula L. was also isolated and identified. The efficiency of glucosylation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde was remarkably enhanced by adding salicylic acid (0.1 mg/L) and keeping the lower pressure (0.001MPa) in 25L airlift loop bioreactor. The biotransformation of exogenous p-hydroxybenzaldehyde to gastrodin by cell suspension culture of D. tatula L. is a promising approach.
Benzaldehydes ; metabolism ; Benzyl Alcohols ; chemistry ; Bioreactors ; Biotransformation ; Datura ; metabolism ; Glucosides ; biosynthesis ; chemistry ; Salicylic Acid ; pharmacology ; Suspensions

In order to study the effects of Ca2+ in the biosynthesis of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) induced by salicylic acid (SA) in the young seedlings of Salvia miltiorrhiza, we used confocal laser scanning microscopy and high performance liquid chromatography to measure the change of relative fluorescence intensity of Ca2+ and the contents of Sal B induced by SA before and after the application of extracellular calcium channel inhibitors (VP and LaCl3), intracellular calcium channel inhibitor (LiCl), as well as intracellular calmodulin antagonist (TFP). SA could induce the calcium burst, and the Ca2+ peak could last to 2-3 min in the guard cells of S. miltiorrhiza, which prompted the biosynthesis of Sal B after the Ca2+ burst. Both Vp or LaCl3, and LiCl or TFP could inhibit the burst of Ca2+ and the biosynthesis of Sal B. The above results demonstrated that Ca2+ from the extracellular and the intracellular calcium store regulate the biosynthesis of Sal B elicited by salicylic acid in S. miltiorrhiz young seedlings.
Benzofurans ; metabolism ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Plant Leaves ; metabolism ; Salicylic Acid ; pharmacology ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; metabolism ; Seedlings ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction

In order to reveal feasibility of different concentrations of Ca2+ and SA on Platycodon grandiflorum under high temperature stress, the effects of Ca2+ on physiological index and related photosynthetic parameters were studied. Pot cultured P. grandiflorum leaves under the same outdoor conditions were sprayed with CaCl2 and SA separately, and then placed in the high incubator [35 degrees C/25 degrees C (day/night), light intensity 3 600 lx], and sprayed with distilled water at 25 degrees C and under high temperature stress were set as the control. The related photosynthesis, relative conductivity, contents of proline, malondialdehyde, soluble protein, activities of SOD and CAT, ASA and GSH content were measured. The results show that the 6 mmol x L(-1) CaCl2 and 1.5 mmol x L(-1) SA enhanced the activities of SOD and CAT, the contents of proline and soluble protein, and effectively reduced the damage of heat stress on cell membrance. At the same time, the exogenous Ca2+ and SA increased the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid, the efficiency of leaf photosynthesis and ASA and GSH content, and thus effectively resisted the oxidative stress caused by high temperatures, but with the increasing concentration of spraying, P. grandiflorum decreased the ability to resist high temperature stress. In conclusion, the foliage spraying CaCl2 and SA could reduce the damage of high temperature stress on P. grandiflorum leaves.
Calcium ; metabolism ; Hot Temperature ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves ; metabolism ; Platycodon ; metabolism ; Salicylic Acid ; metabolism ; Stress, Physiological

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ on the biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid (RA) induced by salicylic acid in young seedlings of Salvia miltiorrhiza.

METHODYoung seedlings of S. miltiorrhiza were used to select an optimal concentration of salicylic acid (SA), and then use the optimal concentration of SA to investigate the effects of extracellular Ca2+ channel inhibitors Verapamil, LaCl3, intracelluar calmodulin antagonist TFP and intracelluar Ca2+ channel inhibitors LiCl on the biosynthesis of RA and related enzymes.

RESULTSA increased the accumulation of RA and the activities of PAL and TAT, especially the SA of 2 mmol x L(-1) after 24 h. SA improved the accumulation of RA to (40.51 +/- 2.16) mg x g(-1), which was 1.97 times than that of control, and the activities of PAL, TAT were 1.42 times and 1.29 times than those of the control. However, Vp, LaCl3, TFP, LiCl inhibited the effects of SA evidently.

CONCLUSIONCa2+ plays a key role in the regulation of the induction process.

Calcium ; metabolism ; Cinnamates ; metabolism ; Depsides ; metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Plant Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Salicylic Acid ; metabolism ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; genetics ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Seedlings ; genetics ; growth & development ; metabolism

Polysaccharides from Dendrobium huoshanense possess immunostimulating activity, antioxidant activity and anticataract activity. In order to produce the active polysaccharides from Dendrobium huoshanense through cell culture, we investigated the effects of salicylic acid on cell growth, accumulation of polysaccharides and utilization of carbon source in suspension cultures of protocorm-like bodies from Dendrobium huoshanense. Although salicylic acid slightly inhibited the cell growth, it was beneficial to the utilization of carbon source, thus leading to significant increase in the contents of polysaccharides. The highest polysaccharide production occurred on the medium supplied with 100 micromoI/L salicylic acid. After 18 days of culture the production of polysaccharides reached 3.129 g/L, which was 1.63 times that of the control. Further, we established the kinetic models describing cell growth, polysaccharide production and carbon source utilization based on Logistic equation, Luedeking-Piret equation and Luedeking-Piret-Like equation. The calculated values from the kinetic models showed a good fit to the experimental values, suggesting that salicylic acid could be an effective compound to enhance the production of active polysaccharides from protcorm-like bodies from Dendrobium huoshanense.
Cell Culture Techniques ; methods ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Dendrobium ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Polysaccharides ; biosynthesis ; Salicylic Acid ; pharmacology

Rosmarinic acid (RA), a phenolic acid, is one of the important secondary metabolites produced in Salvia miltiorrhiza. To observe the influence of salicylic acid (SA), an elicitor, on the synthesis of RA and related enzymes, we treated the cell suspension cultures of S. miltiorrhiza with SA and L-a-aminooxy-beta-phenylpropionic acid (AOPP), a competitive inhibitor of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT). Under this condition, the activities of related enzymes, such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and TAT were traced and assayed; the accumulative amount of RA was measured. The results showed that the PAL activity reached the peak at 4 h, 124% higher than that of the control, and the content of RA reached its maximum ((5.914 +/- 0.296) mg/g dry weight) at 8 h, after treated by 6.25 mg/L SA on day 6 of the suspension culture. The results of treatment with 0.1 micromol/L AOPP showed that AOPP affected little on the TAT activity, while the PAL activity was significantly influenced, with 44% lower than that of the control at 6 h. Meanwhile, the reduced accumulation of RA ((4.709 +/- 0.204) mg/g dry weight) paralleled with the decrease in PAL activity. The co-treatment by 0.1 micromol/L AOPP and 6.25 mg/L SA relieved the restriction imposed by AOPP on PAL, and made the cell cultures accumulate more RA than sole treatment with AOPP, indicated that SA induced the accumulation of RA in suspension cell culture of S. miltiorrhiza, and the rate-limiting effect of PAL was stronger than TAT.
Cell Culture Techniques ; methods ; Cinnamates ; metabolism ; Depsides ; metabolism ; Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase ; metabolism ; Plant Cells ; metabolism ; Salicylic Acid ; pharmacology ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; cytology ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Suspensions ; Tyrosine Transaminase ; metabolism

Phytoremediation plays an important role in the treatment of heavy metal pollution in soil. In order to elucidate the mechanism of salicylic acid (SA) on copper absorption, seedlings from Xuzhou (with strong Cu-tolerance) and Weifang Helianthus tuberosus cultivars (with weak Cu-tolerance) were selected for pot culture experiments. 1 mmol/L SA was sprayed upon 300 mg/kg soil copper stress, and the photosynthesis, leaf antioxidant system, several essential mineral nutrients and the changes of root upon copper stress were analyzed to explore the mechanism of copper resistance. The results showed that Pn, Tr, Gs and Ci upon copper stress decreased significantly compared to the control group. Meanwhile, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid decreased with significant increase in initial fluorescence (F₀), maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm), electron transfer rate (ETR) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) content all decreased. The ascorbic acid (AsA) content was decreased, the glutathione (GSH) value was increased, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in the leaves were decreased, and the peroxidase (POD) activity was significantly increased. SA increased the Cu content in the ground and root system, and weakened the nutrient uptake capacity of K, Ca, Mg, and Zn in the root stem and leaves. Spray of exogenous SA can maintain the opening of leaf stomata, improve the adverse effect of copper on photosynthetic pigment and PSⅡ reaction center. Mediating the SOD and APX activity started the AsA-GSH cycle process, effectively regulated the antioxidant enzyme system in chrysanthemum taro, significantly reduced the copper content of all parts of the plant, and improved the ion exchange capacity in the body. External SA increased the content of the negative electric group on the root by changing the proportion of components in the root, promoted the absorption of mineral nutrient elements and the accumulation of osmoregulatory substances, strengthened the fixation effect of the root on metal copper, and avoided its massive accumulation in the H. tuberosus body, so as to alleviate the inhibitory effect of copper on plant growth. The study revealed the physiological regulation of SA upon copper stress, and provided a theoretical basis for planting H. tuberosus to repair soil copper pollution.
Antioxidants ; Copper ; Helianthus/metabolism* ; Salicylic Acid/pharmacology* ; Chlorophyll A/pharmacology* ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Chlorophyll/pharmacology* ; Ascorbic Acid ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism* ; Photosynthesis ; Glutathione ; Plant Leaves ; Stress, Physiological ; Seedlings

The NPRI (nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes (1) gene, firstly cloned in Arabidopsis thaliana, is a key gene involved in regulation of plant disease resistance. It plays a pivotal role not only in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR), but also in basic resistance and resistance (R) gene-dependent resistance. NPR1 monomerization induced by enhanced reducing condition after oxidative burst, and the accumulation of NPR1 monomers in the nuclei, are required and enough for expression of PR (pathogenesis-related) genes and SAR. NPR1 regulates PR gene expression through interaction with TGA transcription factors (TF). As a cross-talk point of a variety of defense signaling pathways, probably through direct or indirect interacting with some WRKY TFs and a NPR1-like protein NPR4, NPR1 is essential in balancing salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid- dependent signal transduction pathways, which is achieved through an unknown mechanism in the cytosol. The possible application of NPR1 in plant protection is also discussed in this review.
Arabidopsis Proteins ; genetics ; Cyclopentanes ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; genetics ; Oxylipins ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Plant Diseases ; genetics ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Salicylic Acid ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Signal Transduction

The present study investigated the influence of the methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid elicitors on the formation of phenylethanoid glycosides (PeG) in the suspension cultures of Cistanche deserticola. The results showed that methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid enhanced greatly the accumulation of PeG and echinacoside (Echin), but their optimum elicitation dosage and addition time were different. The yields of PeG and Echin were significantly increased in the presence of 5 micromol/L methyl jasmonate on day 14 (up to 2.59-fold and 3.82-fold, respectively), whereas treated with 50 micromol/L salicylic acid on day 28, the maximum content of them were, respectively, 2.71 and 3.16-fold higher than the untreated cell cultures.
Acetates ; pharmacology ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cistanche ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Culture Media ; Cyclopentanes ; pharmacology ; Glycosides ; biosynthesis ; Oxylipins ; pharmacology ; Phenylethyl Alcohol ; metabolism ; Salicylic Acid ; pharmacology

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), one of reactive oxygen species, is widely generated in many biological systems, and it mediates various physiological and biochemical process in plants. To investigate the role of H2O2 as a signaling molecule in the process of salicylic acid (SA)-induced Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) accumulation, we separately inspected the cultured cells of Salvia miltiorrhiza with SA, H2O2, catalase (CAT), 2-(4-carboxy-2-phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-l-oxyl-3-oxide (DMTU) and Imidazole (IMD) to investigate the influence on the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) and the accumulation of Sal B. Treatment of S. miltiorrhiza cells with SA resulted in an increase of H2O2, the increase of PAL and TAT and accumulation of Sal B. Exogenous application of 10-30 mmol/L H2O2 was found to effectively increase PAL and TAT activity as well as the Sal B content. CAT, a H2O2 scavenger, eliminated the Sal B-accumulating effects of exogenous H2O2 and SA. These indicated that H2O2 may serve as an upstream signaling molecule in the SA-induced accumulation of Sal B signal transduction pathway. Disposed by DMTU, a chemical trap for H2O2, as observed to be effective in inhibiting SA-induced accumulation of Sal B. IMD strongly inhibits the activity of NADPH oxidase, which is one of the main sources of H2O2 formation in plant cells. IMD treatment strongly inhibited the accumulation of Sal B in cultured cells of S. miltiorrhiza, but the effects of IMD, can be partially reversed by the exogenous SA. The accumulation of Sal B was blocked once the generation of H2O2 by NADPH oxidase was inhibited, and H2O2 served as signaling molecule mediated the SA-induced Sal B accumulation.
Benzofurans ; metabolism ; Cell Culture Techniques ; methods ; Cells, Cultured ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; pharmacology ; Salicylic Acid ; pharmacology ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; cytology ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects