OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for hospital infection treatment and control. METHODS:The etiological data of Enterococcus isolated from clinical specimens were collected from our hospital during Jan. 2009-Jun. 2017. The drug resistance of commonly used antibiotics and infection related risk factors were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS:A total of 6252 isolates of Enterococcus were isolated,of which there were 1994 strains of E. faecalis and 3575 strains of E. faecium. The bacteria were mainly isolated from urine(2009 strains),drainage liquids(1538 strains),bile(1168 strains),wound secretions(561 strains), blood (493 strains). The detection rate increased 9.4％ in 2009 to 13.4％ in 2017. Resistance rate of E. faecalis to ampicillin, penicillin and vancomycin showed a wavelike decrease,and E. faecalis showed low resistance rate to vancomycin,teicoplanin, linezolid and tigecycline. Resistance rate of E. faecalis to ciprofloxacin,moxifloxacin and levofloxacin decreased wavily to 2014 but showed a fluctuating upward trend since 2015. Resistance rate of E. faecium to linezolid decreased from 1.9％ in 2009 to 0.2％ in Jun. 2017;resistance rate of E. faecium to vancomycin and teicoplanin continues to fluctuate,but it is still at a low level;resistance rate of E. faecium to tetracycline decreased, but that to high concentration gentamicin increased. There were 43 strains of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium and 8 trains of vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis detected in 51 patients. Resistant rates of vancomycin-resistant E. faecium to linezolid,tigecycline and teicoplanin were 23.3％,0,35.3％,respectively. Resistant rates of vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis to linezolid,tigecycline and teicoplanin were 0. Pearson relationship analysis showed that days in ICU (r=0.225,P<0.01),tracheotomy or intubation (r=0.314,P<0.01),days of antibiotic use (r=0.347,P<0.01),types of antibacterial drugs (r=0.226,P<0.01),use of glucocorticoids (r=0.190,P<0.01),and days of carbapenems use (r=0.173,P<0.05)were positively correlated with vancomycin-resistant E. faecium infection rate and vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis infection rate. CONCLUSIONS:The detection rate of Enterococcus in our hospital is fluctuating upward. E. faecalis and E. faecium were the main types,mainly from urine and drainage fluids. The resistance rate of Enterococcus most of antibiotics shows a downward trend. The resistance rate of E. faecium to high concentration gentamycin is on the rise,while that of E. faecium to linezolid and tetracycline is decreased. The appropriate antibiotics should be selected according to the patient's condition and drug susceptibility results.

Recently, the gut microbiota-based live biotherapeutics (LBPs) development, the interaction between gut microbial species and the host, and the mining of new antimicrobial peptides, enzymes and metabolic pathway have received increasing attention. Culturing gut microbial species is therefore of great importance. This review systemically compared the construction advances of gut microbial culture banks and also analyzed the differences of methods used by research groups to give insight into the construction and enrichment of gut microbial resources. Presently, the gut microbial culture banks have included more than 1 000 bacterial species, belonging to 12 phyla, 22 classes, 39 orders, 96 families, and 358 genera. Among these, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Actinomycetota exhibited the greatest diversities at the species level. The sequencing data showed that there are more than 2 000 species inhibited in the human gut. Therefore, the cultured gut microbial species are far from saturation. In terms of the construction method, the stool samples were pre-treated with ethanol or directly spread and cultured in the non-selective nutritional rich medium (represented by Gifu anaerobic medium) to obtain single colony. Then single colony was further purified. Generally, a simplified isolation and culture method is sufficient to obtain the most common and important intestinal bacterial species, such as Bifidobacteria-Lactobacillus, Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Prevotella and S24-7 family strains. Finally, microbial resources with great diversities at the strain level are required for further functional research and product development. Samples covering hosts with distinct physiological status, diets or regions are necessary.
Humans ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Microbiota ; Bacteria

Objective:To investigate the association of blood oxidative stress level with hypertriglyceridemia in the elderly aged 65 years and older in China.Methods:A total of 2 393 participants aged 65 years and older were recruited in 9 longevity areas from Heathy Aging and Biomarkers Cohort Study, during 2017 to 2018. Information on demographics characteristic, life style and health status were collected by questionnaire and physical examination, and venous blood was collected to detect the levels of blood oxidative stress and hypertriglyceridemia. The linear or non-linear association between oxidative stress and hypertriglyceridemia was described by restrictive cubic splines (RCS) fitting multiple linear regression model. The generalized linear mixed effect model was conducted to assess the association between oxidative stress and hypertriglyceridemia.Results:A total of 2 393 participants, mean age was 84.6 years, the youngest was 65 and the oldest was 112, the male was 47.9%(1 145/2 393), the triglyceride level was (1.4±0.8) mmol/L. The hypertriglyceridemia detection rate was 9.99%(239/2 393). The results of multiple linear regression model with restrictive cubic spline fitting showed that MDA level was linear association with triglyceride level; SOD level was nonlinear association with triglyceride level. MDA level had significantly association with hypertriglyceridemia, and the corresponding OR value was 1.063 (95% CI: 1.046,1.081) with 1 nmol/ml increment of blood MDA; SOD level had significantly association with hypertriglyceridemia, and the corresponding OR value was 0.986(95% CI: 0.983,0.989) with 1 U/ml increment of blood SOD. Conclusion:Among the elderly aged 65 and older in 9 longevity areas in China, MDA and SOD levels were associated with the risk of hypertriglyceridemia.

Objective:To investigate the association between blood lead concentrations and cognition impairment among Chinese older adults aged 65 or over.Method:Data was collected in 9 longevity areas from Heathy Aging and Biomarkers Cohort Study between 2017 and 2018. This study included 1 684 elderly aged 65 years and older. Information about demographic characteristics, socioeconomic factors, health status and cognitive function score of respondents were collected by questionnaire survey and physical examination. Venous blood of the subjects was collected to detect the blood lead concentration. Subjects were stratified into four groups ( Q 1- Q 4) by quartile of blood lead concentration. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between blood lead concentration and cognitive impairment. The linear or non-linear association between blood lead concentration and cognitive impairment were described by restrictive cubic splines (RCS). Results:Among the 1 684 respondents, 843 (50.1%) were female and 191 (11.3%) suffered from cognition impairment. After adjusting for confounding factors, the OR value and 95% CI of cognition impairment was 1.05 (1.01-1.10) for every 10 μg/L increase in blood lead concentration in elderly; Compared with the elderly in Q 1, the elderly with higher blood lead concentration had an increased risk of cognitive impairment. The OR value and 95% CIof Q2, Q3 and Q4 groups were 1.19 (0.69-2.05), 1.45 (0.84-2.51) and 1.92 (1.13-3.27), respectively. Conclusion:Higher blood lead concentration is associated with cognitive impairment among the elderly aged 65 years and older in 9 longevity areas in China.

Objective:To investigate the association of blood oxidative stress level with hypertriglyceridemia in the elderly aged 65 years and older in China.Methods:A total of 2 393 participants aged 65 years and older were recruited in 9 longevity areas from Heathy Aging and Biomarkers Cohort Study, during 2017 to 2018. Information on demographics characteristic, life style and health status were collected by questionnaire and physical examination, and venous blood was collected to detect the levels of blood oxidative stress and hypertriglyceridemia. The linear or non-linear association between oxidative stress and hypertriglyceridemia was described by restrictive cubic splines (RCS) fitting multiple linear regression model. The generalized linear mixed effect model was conducted to assess the association between oxidative stress and hypertriglyceridemia.Results:A total of 2 393 participants, mean age was 84.6 years, the youngest was 65 and the oldest was 112, the male was 47.9%(1 145/2 393), the triglyceride level was (1.4±0.8) mmol/L. The hypertriglyceridemia detection rate was 9.99%(239/2 393). The results of multiple linear regression model with restrictive cubic spline fitting showed that MDA level was linear association with triglyceride level; SOD level was nonlinear association with triglyceride level. MDA level had significantly association with hypertriglyceridemia, and the corresponding OR value was 1.063 (95% CI: 1.046,1.081) with 1 nmol/ml increment of blood MDA; SOD level had significantly association with hypertriglyceridemia, and the corresponding OR value was 0.986(95% CI: 0.983,0.989) with 1 U/ml increment of blood SOD. Conclusion:Among the elderly aged 65 and older in 9 longevity areas in China, MDA and SOD levels were associated with the risk of hypertriglyceridemia.

Objective:To investigate the association between blood lead concentrations and cognition impairment among Chinese older adults aged 65 or over.Method:Data was collected in 9 longevity areas from Heathy Aging and Biomarkers Cohort Study between 2017 and 2018. This study included 1 684 elderly aged 65 years and older. Information about demographic characteristics, socioeconomic factors, health status and cognitive function score of respondents were collected by questionnaire survey and physical examination. Venous blood of the subjects was collected to detect the blood lead concentration. Subjects were stratified into four groups ( Q 1- Q 4) by quartile of blood lead concentration. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between blood lead concentration and cognitive impairment. The linear or non-linear association between blood lead concentration and cognitive impairment were described by restrictive cubic splines (RCS). Results:Among the 1 684 respondents, 843 (50.1%) were female and 191 (11.3%) suffered from cognition impairment. After adjusting for confounding factors, the OR value and 95% CI of cognition impairment was 1.05 (1.01-1.10) for every 10 μg/L increase in blood lead concentration in elderly; Compared with the elderly in Q 1, the elderly with higher blood lead concentration had an increased risk of cognitive impairment. The OR value and 95% CIof Q2, Q3 and Q4 groups were 1.19 (0.69-2.05), 1.45 (0.84-2.51) and 1.92 (1.13-3.27), respectively. Conclusion:Higher blood lead concentration is associated with cognitive impairment among the elderly aged 65 years and older in 9 longevity areas in China.

Objective:To investigate the effects of urinary nickel exposure on insulin resistance, islet function and diabetes risk in adults aged 18 years and above in China.Methods:Based on the China National Human Biomonitoring from 2017 to 2018, a total of 500 diabetes patients were randomly selected as the case group, and the matched euglycemic control were selected by 1∶1 matching ratio. The urinary and venous blood samples of the subjects were collected, and the urinary nickel levels and serum glucose metabolism indexes such as fasting blood glucose and fasting insulin were detected, and the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), β cell function index (HOMA-β), and adjusted HOMA-β were calculated by using homeostasis model assessment. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between urinary nickel level and diabetes risk. Multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate the association of urinary nickel level with HOMA-IR, HOMA-β and adjusted HOMA-β.Results:The sex ratio of controls and cases was 1∶1. The multivariate logistic regression model showed that after adjusting for factors such as education level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, rice and meat intakes, family history of diabetes, BMI, total cholesterol level, hypertension, and urinary creatinine, compared with T1 group, the ORs of diabetes risk in the T2 and T3 groups were 1.36 (95% CI: 0.98-1.89) and 1.60 (95% CI: 1.14-2.24), respectively. The multiple linear regression model showed a positive association between urinary nickel levels and the elevated HOMA-IR, the β value of HOMA-IR in the T3 group was 0.12 (95% CI: 0.01-0.25) compared with the T1 group and each one-unit increase in the log-transformed urinary nickel level (2.71 μg/L) was associated with a 0.06 elevation in HOMA-IR (95% CI: 0.02-0.10). Meanwhile, the urinary nickel levels were negative associated with the adjusted HOMA-β, the β value of adjusted HOMA-β in the T3 group were -0.26 compared with the T1 group (95% CI: -0.41- -0.11), and each one-unit increase in the log-transformed urinary nickel level (2.71 μg/L) was associated with a -0.09 decrease in adjusted HOMA-β(95% CI: -0.14- -0.04). Conclusion:Higher urinary nickel level is positively correlated with elevated insulin resistance and diabetes risk while negatively correlated with the function of pancreatic islet β cells in adults in China.

Objective:The study is to examine association of sleep duration and cognitive impairment in the older adults aged 65 years and older in China.Methods:We analyzed data from 2017-2018 wave of Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). A total of 14 966 participants were included in the analysis. Data with respect to socioeconomic status, community involvement, behavior pattern, diet, life style, family structure, disease condition, mental health and cognitive function were collected. Cognitive function was measured with Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE). We conducted generalized linear mixed models to examine associations of sleep duration with cognitive impairment, and subgroup analyses of sex and age were conducted.Results:Among 14 966 participants, the percentage of participants aged 65 to 79 years, 80 to 89 years, 90 to 99 years and 100 years and older was 5 148 (4.40%), 3 777 (25.24%), 3 322 (22.20%) and 2 719 (18.16%), respectively. A total of 2 704 participants reported sleep duration of 5 h and less, and 3 883 reported 9 h and more, accounting for 18.94% and 27.19%, respectively. In total, 3 748 were defined with cognitive impairment, accounting for 25.04%. The results of generalized linear mixed models showed that both short (≤5 h) and long (≥ 9 h) sleep duration were associated with cognitive impairment compared with sleep duration of 7 h, with OR(95% CI) of 1.35(1.09-1.68) and 1.70(1.39-2.07), respectively. The association of sleep duration with cognitive impairment was more obvious in males and individuals aged 65 to 79 years old. Conclusion:Short or long sleep duration was responsible for increased risk of cognitive impairment in older Chinese.

Objective:The study is to examine association of sleep duration and cognitive impairment in the older adults aged 65 years and older in China.Methods:We analyzed data from 2017-2018 wave of Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). A total of 14 966 participants were included in the analysis. Data with respect to socioeconomic status, community involvement, behavior pattern, diet, life style, family structure, disease condition, mental health and cognitive function were collected. Cognitive function was measured with Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE). We conducted generalized linear mixed models to examine associations of sleep duration with cognitive impairment, and subgroup analyses of sex and age were conducted.Results:Among 14 966 participants, the percentage of participants aged 65 to 79 years, 80 to 89 years, 90 to 99 years and 100 years and older was 5 148 (4.40%), 3 777 (25.24%), 3 322 (22.20%) and 2 719 (18.16%), respectively. A total of 2 704 participants reported sleep duration of 5 h and less, and 3 883 reported 9 h and more, accounting for 18.94% and 27.19%, respectively. In total, 3 748 were defined with cognitive impairment, accounting for 25.04%. The results of generalized linear mixed models showed that both short (≤5 h) and long (≥ 9 h) sleep duration were associated with cognitive impairment compared with sleep duration of 7 h, with OR(95% CI) of 1.35(1.09-1.68) and 1.70(1.39-2.07), respectively. The association of sleep duration with cognitive impairment was more obvious in males and individuals aged 65 to 79 years old. Conclusion:Short or long sleep duration was responsible for increased risk of cognitive impairment in older Chinese.