As an important component of the event related potential (ERP), late positive potential (LPP) is an ideal component for studying emotion regulation. This study was focused on processing and analysing the LPP component of the emotional cognitive reappraisal electroencephalogram (EEG) signal. Firstly, we used independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm to remove electrooculogram, electromyogram and some other artifacts based on 16 subjects' EEG data by using EGI 64-channal EEG acquisition system. Secondly, we processed feature extraction of the EEG signal at Pz electrode by using one versus the rest common spatial patterns (OVR-CSP) algorithm. Finally, the extracted LPP component was analysed both in time domain and spatial domain. The results indicated that (1) From the perspective of amplitude comparison, the LPP amplitude, which was induced by cognitive reappraisal, was much higher than the amplitude under the condition of watching neural stimuli, but lower than the amplitude under condition of watching negative stimuli; (2) from the perspective of time process, the difference between cognitive reappraisal and watching after processing with OVR-CSP algorithm was in the process of range between 0.3 s and 1.5 s; but the difference between cognitive reappraisal and watching after processing with averaging method was during the process between 0.3 s and 1.25 s. The results suggested that OVR-CSP algorithm could not only accurately extract the LPP component with fewer trials compared with averaging method so that it provided a better method for the follow-up study of cognitive reappraisal strategy, but also provide neurophysiological basis for cognitive reappraisal in emotional regulation.
Algorithms ; Artifacts ; Cognition ; Electroencephalography ; Electromyography ; Emotions ; Evoked Potentials ; Humans

Objective:To explore the efficacy and correction mechanism of posterior column osteotomy for treatment of "Lenke 5-like" lumbar congenital scoliosis.Methods:From April 2008 to September 2019, 16 patients with lumbar congenital scoliosis underwent posterior column osteotomy were retrospectively reviewed including 6 males and 10 females, aged 23.9±11.7 years (range, 14-48 years). Among them, 8 cases were unsegmentation, 5 malformation and 3 mixed type. The average segments of PCO were 5.3. Posterior column osteotomy was adapted after the insertion of pedicle screws, then removed spinous process, ligaments, superior and inferior facet and corrected the deformity with the rods. The pre- and post-operative and last follow-up radiographic parameters were measured: Cobb angle of lumbar curve, distance between C 7 plumbline and center sacral vertical line (C7PL-CSVL), deformity angle (DA), disc correction angle (DCA) of instrumented segments, disc angle above upper instrumented vertebra (DAAU), lower instrumented vertebra disc angle (LDA), upper instrumented vertebra slope (US), lower instrumented vertebra slope (LS), lower instrumented vertebra offset (LO) and sagittal parameters such as thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar lordosis(LL) and thoracic junctional kyphosis (TJK). The Scoliosis Research Society-22 questionnaire (SRS-22) were conducted at preoperation and the final follow up to evaluate the clinical outcomes. Results:The mean follow-up period was 16.69±7.65 months (range, 12-36 months). The coronal DA was 26.74°±10.59° while the sagittal DA was 14.70°±11.63°. The pre- and post-operative Cobb angle were 51.19°±12.91° and 23.25°±12.86° while the correction rate was 57.17%±16.31% and reached 24.26°±13.19° in the last follow-up. The improvement of DAAU, LDA, US, LS, and LO pre- and post-operative had statistical significance ( P<0.001). The pre- and post-operative and the last follow-up C 7PL-CSVL were 27.13±17.08 mm, 21.81±12.80 mm and 20.24±15.02 mm. The pre-operative, postoperative and last follow-up DAAU were -4.35°±2.12°, 1.36°±2.34° and 1.60°±2.45°. The pre- and post-operative LDA were -7.03°±4.40° and 2.42°±3.39°, and the last follow-up LDA was 2.81°±2.98°. US and LS decreased from pre-operative 12.01°±8.33° and 21.46°±5.79° to 2.84°±7.52° and 11.64°±6.06°. The mean US and LS were 4.22°±6.56° and 11.56°±6.02° in the last follow-up. LO decreased after surgery and keep unchanged in the last follow-up, which were 12.71°±6.43°, 6.31°±5.17° and 7.01°±4.73°, respectively. For the sagittal plane parameters, the changes of TK, LL, and TJK reached statistical significance through the surgery. LL increased from 33.69°±14.01° to 44.28°±10.07° through the surgery and reached 41.97°±6.69° at the last follow-up while TK increased from 13.41°±12.37° to 23.52°±8.10°, TJK decreased from 29.02°±20.74° to 16.20°±12.62° after the surgery and reached 16.07°±13.33° at the last follow-up. The pre-operative, post-operative and last follow-up thoracic kyphosis were 13.41°±12.37°, 23.52°± 8.10°, and 24.21°±7.39°. There was no statistical significance of the change of C 7PL-CSVL, SVA, SSA and PI-LL through the surgery ( P>0.05). At the final follow-up, the self-image and psychologic status scores of SRS-22 were significantly higher than that before surgery ( t=15.457, P<0.001; t=14.726, P<0.001), and there was no significant difference in the rest of the domain ( P>0.05). Conclusion:"Lenke5-like" lumbar congenital scoliosis could obtain satisfactory correction of coronal and sagittal deformities with the treatment of posterior column osteotomy, while there was no significant loss of correction during follow-up. The incidence of surgical complications is low.

Objective:To investigate the risk factors of long-term shoulder imbalance in patients presented postoperative shoulder imbalance who underwent single segment hemivertebra resection, and the role of postoperative trunk shift in shoulder imbalance.Methods:All of 30 patients who presented shoulder imbalance after hemivertebrae resection and short fusion from July 2006 to December 2018 were reviewed in this study, including 16 males and 14 females, aged 4.53±2.05 years (range, 2-8 years). Among them, 10 cases were thoracic hemivertebra, 12 thoracolumbar hemivertebra and 8 lumbar hemivertebra. According to the vertical height difference at the highest point of soft tissue shadows on both shoulders in the final follow-up upright posteroanterior radiograph, which was shoulder imbalance (SI), they were divided into two groups: Group B (balance, shoulder imbalance less than 10 mm) and Group IB (imbalance, shoulder imbalance more than 10 mm). Several radiographic parameters were measured preoperatively, 3 months after surgery and at the final follow-up, such as SI, distance between C 7 plumbline and center sacral vertical line (C 7PL-CSVL), Cobb angle of main curve, cobb angle of proximal curve (CAPC), Cobb angle of distal curve (CADC), upper instrumented vertebra offset (UO), lower instrumented vertebra offset (LO), upper instrumented vertebra slope (US), lower instrumented vertebra slope (LS), T1 tilt and sagittal vertical axis (SVA). Results:The mean follow-up period was 54.3±33.7 months (range, 24-132 months). A mean of 3.1 segments were fused. 7 cases (70%) of thoracic, 6 cases (50%) of thoracolumbar and 3 cases of lumbar hemivertebrae (37.5%) with shoulder imbalance at 3 months after surgery remained imbalanced at the last follow-up. Thirteen cases presented coronal imbalance postoperative (C 7PL-CSVL>2 cm), among 6 cases whose trunk shafted to the side of the higher shoulder postoperatively, 5 cases presented aggravated SI at final follow-up, and among 7 cases whose trunk shafted to the side of the lower shoulder postoperatively, 6 cases presented aggravated SI at final follow-up, while the difference had statistical significance ( P=0.029). The static analysis indicated that postoperative and long-term C 7PL-CSVL, long-term lowest instrumented vertebra and long-term T 1 tilt were risk factors of shoulder imbalance at final follow-up. Conclusion:A proportion of congenital scoliosis patients who presented shoulder imbalance after hemivertebra resection plus short fusion are less likely to achieve shoulder balance at the final follow-up. Long-term shoulder imbalance is often presented in the patients whose trunk shafted to the side of the higher shoulder postoperatively.