OBJECTIVETo understand the HIV infection status among MSM in Hubei province and provide scientific evidence for the development of intervention strategy.

METHODSA total of 11 438 samples were collected from MSM in sentinel surveillance during 2010-2013 to detect HIV-1 antibody. BED-CEIA was used to identify the recent HIV infection, and the recent HIV infection rate among the MSM was estimated. The age, group and area specific recent infection rate and condom use rate were analyzed.

RESULTSThe annual HIV positive rates among MSM were 3.34% , 3.74% , 2.96% and 3.15% respectively and the annual recent infection rates were 2.31% , 1.91% , 1.53% and 1.71% respectively during 2010-2013. The HIV positive rate in age group ≤ 30 years was lower than that in age group >30 years, but the recent HIV incidence rate was higher in age group ≤ 30 years than in age group >30 years. The detection rate of recent HIV infection varied with sample source, the highest detection rate was among the samples form work group/CDC and public bathroom (3.54% and 3.49%, respectively). The recent HIV i nfection rate in Wuhan was highest (5.73%). The proportion of MSM using condoms in each homosexual behavior during past six months was 38.91% . Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the factors related to recent HIV infection included sample source (OR = 0.344-0.713), area (OR = 3.581-9.577) and condom usage (OR = 6.686).

CONCLUSIONThe HIV-1 infection rate in MSM was at a high level in Hubei, especially in some areas. The condom use rate was low, it is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of HIV infection in MSM.

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Condoms ; HIV Infections ; epidemiology ; HIV-1 ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Safe Sex

PURPOSE: To compare reproductive health promoting behaviors (RHPBs) of infertile women with those of normal women and identify effects of RHPB on infertility. METHODS: A total of 148 females (73 infertile women and 75 normal women) were enrolled in this study. Measurements included their general characteristics and RHPB using self-report questionnaires. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, χ2 test, ANCOVA, and hierarchical logistic regression using SPSS. RESULTS: There were significant difference in incomes, number of family, number of term deliveries, and number of abortions according to infertility diagnosis. Mean duration of infertility was 32.16 months. Only 12.32% women had known cause of infertility. The most common cause of infertility was unknown. Mean RHPB score was 3.98 for infertile women and 4.41 for normal women. In logistic regression, total RHPB (odds ratio [OR], 0.21) and safe sex of RHPB (OR, 0.66) were significant factors influencing infertility. Infertile women's total RHPB and subcategories of RHPB (safe sex behavior and sexual transmitted disease [STD] prevention) were lower than those of normal women. CONCLUSION: For infertility women, RHPB-related intervention programs are needed, especially information about safe sex behavior and STD prevention.
Diagnosis ; Female ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Infertility ; Infertility, Female ; Logistic Models ; Reproductive Health ; Safe Sex ; Sexual Behavior

OBJECTIVE: To understand the associated factors on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission via heterosexual contact and to provide evidence for decision-maker for prevention of HIV.
 METHODS: Questionnaire survey was conducted in 250 HIV-positive persons to understand their socio-demographic characteristics and sexual behavior. Meanwhile, 431 persons who had heterosexual contact with the HIV carriers were traced to their HIV infection status. The factors associated with continued HIV transmission were reviewed by case-control analysis.
 RESULTS: Among the 432 persons, 59 were HIV-positive because of heterosexual contact. The secondary attack rate and the growth rate was 13.7% (59/431) and 0.236 (59/250), respectively. The factors associated with the spread of HIV included: the degree of knowledge on HIV/AIDS, psychological reflection after infection, the condition for condom usage among spouses, and regular sexual partners or non regular sexual partners.
 CONCLUSION The secondary attack rate and the growth rate of HIV transmission by heterosexual contact are high. Improvement of the knowledge about HIV/AIDS prevention and control, enhancement of psychological education and promotion of condom usage can reduce the risk for continued HIV transmission.
HIV Infections ; transmission ; Heterosexuality ; Humans ; Incidence ; Risk Factors ; Safe Sex ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual Partners ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: This study was to developed to create a CD-ROM and an educational program for the prevention of sexual harassment and violence and to contribute to the perception and add to the coping of the victims of sexual harassment and violence as well as the child, parents, and teachers. METHOD: The study's methods were literature reviews, surveys, and assessments of the negotiation process for educational needs of sexual harassed and abused children. RESULT: The sexual harassment and violence prevention program will contain four subjects : 1) sexual development of a preschool child, 2) characteristics of sexual harassment and violence of a preschool child, 3) safe sex, early detection of sexual violence syndrome, and coping strategies. The CD-RON was composed from three sites. The first was a child site, the second was a parent/teacher site, and the third was a game site for evaluations. The child site consisted of 10 possible scenarios of sexual harassment and violence that a child could experience. The parent/teacher site consisted of knowledge and information for prevention and coping strategies for sexual harassment and violence. At the end of each situation question and answer sections that were used for formative evaluation. Also, the game site could be a summative evaluation. CONCLUSION: The effects of this program and the CD-ROM were based of the promotion of reverence for humanity and gender equality for preschool childen. Eventually, children, parents, and teachers will have prevention and coping ability that will reduce the occurrence of sexual harassment and violence in Korea.
CD-ROM* ; Child ; Child, Preschool* ; Humans ; Korea ; Negotiating ; Parents ; Safe Sex ; Sex Offenses* ; Sexual Development ; Sexual Harassment* ; Violence

Heterosexual transmission has become the main route of HIV transmission in China. As the main body of commercial heterosexual transmission, female sex workers (FSW) have a high-risk behavior of inconsistent condom use that increase the risk of HIV infection and spread. This review summarizes associated factors of condom use among FSW such as demographic characteristics, condom negotiation, sexual partner type, sexual intercourse, violence and HIV testing, which can provide reference for the future prevention and research among the FSWs.
Adult ; China ; Coitus ; Condoms/statistics & numerical data* ; Female ; HIV Infections/prevention & control* ; Heterosexuality ; Humans ; Male ; Research/trends* ; Safe Sex ; Sex Work ; Sex Workers ; Sexual Partners

New "law for maternal and child health" newly included the term "reproductive health". The purpose of including reproductive health in addition to the traditional maternal and child health, was to provide legal ground for providing comprehensive reproductive health services including programs for infertile couples. Reproductive health was defined as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes" at Cairo during International Conference on Population and Development, 1994. Reproductive health therefore implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. Korean government programs restoring fertility should proceed with considering reproductive health of Korean population.
Child ; Child Health ; Family Characteristics ; Fertility ; Freedom ; Government Programs ; Humans ; Reproductive Health ; Reproductive Health Services ; Safe Sex

PURPOSE: University students happen to be in a transitional period at the beginning of one's adult life and thereby establish the basis for their health care. The negative lifestyles followed by students during this period can also affect their reproductive health. The purpose of this study was to identify lifestyle, reproductive health, gender differences and relationships between lifestyle and reproductive health in university students.METHODS: We used a descriptive cross-sectional design. A total of 300 subjects were enrolled. Data were collected using structured questionnaires between October 11 and 25, 2017 and analyzed using SPSS 25.0. Subjects agreed to undergo a face-to-face interview, including administration of the Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) and reproductive health (knowledge, attitude, and behaviors).RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 21.4 years. HPLP-II and reproductive health behaviors were significantly different between the genders. The scores of physical activity and nutrition in females were significantly lower than males. The scores of safe sex and sexual responsibility in females were significantly higher than males, and the score of genital health management was significantly lower in females than males. High HPLP-II score was observed to be in correlation with high reproductive health attitudes and behaviors.CONCLUSION: The result revealed differences in lifestyle and reproductive health between both the genders. For improvement of reproductive health of university students, provision of lifestyle intervention including healthy nutritional habits and physical activity is imperative.
Adult ; Delivery of Health Care ; Female ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Life Style ; Male ; Motor Activity ; Reproductive Health ; Safe Sex

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to survey the health behaviors related to reproductive health, reproductive health history, and sexual behaviors of college students in local areas. METHOD: With a survey design, 792 college students from C and D areas were recruited to assess health behaviors such as smoking and alcohol drinking, as well as history of reproductive health and sexual behaviors. The data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire from November to December, 2007. RESULT: Mean age of the students was 20.8(SD=1.96) and gender distribution was 29.2% for male and 70.8% for female. Unhealthy behaviors were alcohol drinking, smoking, excessive weight loss, and irregular exercise; unsafe sex practices were experience of sexual intercourse with multiple sex partners and history of sexually transmitted disease (STD). Male students had more alcohol drinking (p=.04), smoking(p<.001), excessive weight loss(p=.01), experience of sexual intercourse with multiple sex partners(p<.001), history of STD(p=.025) compared to females. On the other hands, female students participated in regular exercise less than males(p<.001). CONCLUSION: College students seem to perform unhealthy behaviors related to reproductive health and less effective way of safe sex practices. Therefore, a planned education program for reproductive health promotion operated by college level is needed to assess and improve the level of reproductive health in college students.
Alcohol Drinking ; Coitus ; Female ; Hand ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Male ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Reproductive Health ; Safe Sex ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Unsafe Sex ; Weight Loss

OBJECTIVETo analyze the characteristics of risky behaviors among different age groups of HIV positive female sex workers, and to explore the strengthening of their management.

METHODSFrom January to June 2014, 22 814 female sex workers were investigated and tested HIV in 117 sentinel surveillance sites in Yunnan Province, and 181 were confirmed to be HIV antibody positive, who accepted questionnaire surveys. According to the age, the participants were divided into the < 35 years old age group and ≥ 35 years old age group. The demographic characteristics, knowledge about HIV/AIDS and related risk behaviors characteristics of the two groups were obtained via questionnaire surveys among 181 HIV positive female sex workers, and in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted from among 12 HIV positive sex workers.

RESULTSHIV antibody positive rate was 0.8% (181), the age of the 181 subjects were (35.83 ± 9.17) years old, 76 cases (42.0%) were < 35 years old, and 105 cases (58.0%) were ≥ 35 years old. The differences of marital status, workplace class, the last work site among two groups were statistically significant (χ(2) = 20.80, 28.32, 7.83; P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.020, respectively). Among 181 HIV, the proportion of AIDS awareness was 95.6% (173); the proportion of drug use among ≥ 35 years old age group was 51.4% (54), which was higher than that in < 35 years old age group (34.2%, 26/76) (χ(2) = 5.30, P = 0.021). 96.7% (175) received condom promotion or HIV counseling and testing in the past year. The proportion of continuing to engage in sexual services over 5 years after HIV infection was 48.5% (51/105) and the proportion of receiving antiretroviral treatment was 69.5% (73/105) in ≥ 35 years old age group, which were higher than those in the < 35 age group (30.2% (23/76), 52.6% (40/76); χ(2) = 12.26, 5.36; P = 0.002, 0.021, respectively). In-depth interviews among 12 HIV positive female sex workers found that regular clients, not consistent use of condoms were the main cause of no condom use. Economic and livelihood factors are important reasons for continuing to engage in sexual services among HIV positive sex workers.

CONCLUSIONHIV positive sex workers still have high risk behaviors including continuing to engage in commercial sexual service and no condom use after knowing their HIV infection status, and the proportion of using drugs in the ≥ 35 years old group was higher than that in < 35 years old group.

Adult ; China ; Condoms ; Female ; HIV Seropositivity ; Humans ; Marital Status ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Safe Sex ; Sex Workers ; statistics & numerical data ; Sexual Behavior ; Substance-Related Disorders ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Men are primarily responsible for the transmission of HIV because of their participation in risk-taking activities such as unsafe sex (i.e. homosexual and/or heterosexual) and drug injections. Men, particularly men having sex with other males, were identified by the DOH-HIV Serologic Surveillance as one of the subpopulations with the highest risk of acquiring HIV. This can be attributed to their behavior towards safe sex, masculinity and their partner. The main objective of this study was to conduct a formative and qualitative assessment on HIV and AIDS among MSM (men who have sex with other males) in the Philippines by identifying the constructions of their sexual identities and their sexual behaviors and risks using the following themes: social mobility; and, health seeking behaviors. Multiple methods have been utilized in this study such as environmental scoping, key informant interviews and focus group discussion sessions in four selected sites in the Philippines. A Delphi technique was also used to solicit opinion of experts in the field of medical, allied medical and social sciences. Results of this study showed that MSM is a vulnerable and susceptible sub-population group to STI, HIV and AIDS due to the complexities of understanding their own sexualities, the gap between their actual and ideal health seeking behaviors and various sexual experiences that brought about the dynamics of sexual proclivities. The study recommends a strong programmatic design for intervention among MSM to become positive agents of change in STI, HIV and AIDS education.

Human ; Male ; Heterosexuality ; Unsafe Sex ; Safe Sex ; Masculinity ; Homosexuality, Male ; Population Groups ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Philippines ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual Partners ; Sexual And Gender Minorities