PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the awareness of alcohol use during pregnancy and factors influencing the intention to abstain from alcohol during pregnancy by drinking levels.METHODS: Utilizing a comparative descriptive design, a total of 359 female college students were recruited. Measurements were Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) variables related awareness of alcohol use during pregnancy, Korean Version of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, knowledge about alcohol use during pregnancy, and socio-demographic factors. Main variables were compared by drinking levels. The factors influencing the intention to abstain from alcohol during pregnancy were identified using hierarchical regression analysis.RESULTS: Non-problematic alcohol behavior group (n=185) had higher the intention to abstain from alcohol during pregnancy than problematic alcohol behavior group (n=174) (t=3.13, p=.002). The significant TPB variables influencing the intention to abstain from alcohol during pregnancy were that attitudes (β =−.44, p<.001), subjective norms (β =.14, p=.026), and perceived behavior control (β =.19, p=.002) in non-problematic alcohol behavior group, whereas the corresponding variables in the problematic alcohol behavior group were attitudes (β =−.51, p<.001) and subjective norms (β =.21, p=.006).CONCLUSION: It is necessary to increase the intention to abstain from alcohol during pregnancy for the female college students having problematic alcohol behavior. The following strategies are recommended for them; decreasing acceptable attitudes toward alcohol use during pregnancy and reinforcing the influence of social pressure toward to abstain from alcohol during pregnancy.
Alcohol Drinking ; Alcohol-Related Disorders ; Behavior Control ; Drinking ; Female ; Humans ; Intention ; Pregnancy

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the awareness of alcohol use during pregnancy and factors influencing the intention to abstain from alcohol during pregnancy by drinking levels. Methods: Utilizing a comparative descriptive design, a total of 359 female college students were recruited. Measurements were Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) variables related awareness of alcohol use during pregnancy, Korean Version of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, knowledge about alcohol use during pregnancy, and socio-demographic factors. Main variables were compared by drinking levels. The factors influencing the intention to abstain from alcohol during pregnancy were identified using hierarchical regression analysis. Results: Non-problematic alcohol behavior group (n=185) had higher the intention to abstain from alcohol during pregnancy than problematic alcohol behavior group (n=174) (t=3.13, p=.002). The significant TPB variables influencing the intention to abstain from alcohol during pregnancy were that attitudes (β =−.44, p<.001), subjective norms (β =.14, p=.026), and perceived behavior control (β =.19, p=.002) in non-problematic alcohol behavior group, whereas the corresponding variables in the problematic alcohol behavior group were attitudes (β =−.51, p<.001) and subjective norms (β =.21, p=.006). Conclusion It is necessary to increase the intention to abstain from alcohol during pregnancy for the female college students having problematic alcohol behavior. The following strategies are recommended for them; decreasing acceptable attitudes toward alcohol use during pregnancy and reinforcing the influence of social pressure toward to abstain from alcohol during pregnancy.

PURPOSE: This study was carried out to elucidate the effects of nitric oxide synthase(NOS) inhibitor, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine(L-NMMA) and nitric oxide precursor, L-arginine(L-Arg) on cerebral hemodynamics and energy metabolism during reoxygenation-reperfusion(RR) after hypoxia-ischemia(HI) in newborn piglets. METHODS: Twenty-eight newborn piglets were divided into 4 groups; Sham normal control(NC), experimental control(EC), L-NMMA(HI & RR with L-NMMA), and L-Arg(HI & RR with L-Arg) groups. HI was induced by occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries and simultaneously breathing with 8 percent oxygen for 30 mins, and followed RR by release of carotid occlusion and normoxic ventilation for one hour. All groups were monitored with cerebral hemodynamics and cytochrome aa3 (Cyt aa3) using near infrared spectroscopy(NIRS). Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity, lipid peroxidation products, and tissue high energy phosphate levels were determined biochemically in the cerebral cortex. RESULTS: In experimental groups, mean arterial blood pressure, PaO2, and pH decreased, and base excess and blood lactate level increased after HI compared to NC group(P<0.05). These variables subsequently returned to baseline after RR except pH. There were no differences among the experimental groups. In NIRS, oxidized hemoglobin(HbO2) decreased and hemoglobin(Hb) increased during HI(P<0.05) but returned to base line immediately after RR; 40 min after RR, the HbO2 had decreased significantly compared to NC group(P<0.05). Changes of Cyt aa3 decreased significantly compared to NC after HI and recovered at the end of the experiment. Significantly reduced cerebral cortical cell membrane Na+, K(+)-ATPase activity and increased lipid peroxidation products(P<0.05) were not improved with L-NMMA or L-Arg. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that NO is not involved in the mechanism of HI and RR brain damage during the early acute phase of RR.
Anoxia ; Arginine* ; Arterial Pressure ; Brain ; Carotid Artery, Common ; Cell Membrane ; Cerebral Cortex ; Electron Transport Complex IV ; Energy Metabolism* ; Hemodynamics* ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain* ; Infant, Newborn* ; Ischemia ; Lactic Acid ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Nitric Oxide ; omega-N-Methylarginine* ; Oxygen ; Perfusion ; Respiration ; Ventilation

We evaluated the effects of a combined therapy of pre-blockade endogenous nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and continuous inhaled NO (iNO) on the gas exchange and hemodynamics of Escherichia coli pneumonia and sepsis in newborn piglets. Seven to ten day old ventilated newborn piglets were randomized into 5 groups: control, E. coli pneumonia control, pneumonia with iNO 10 ppm, pneumonia pre-treated with L-NAME 10 mg/kg, and pneumonia with the combined therapy of L-NAME pretreatment and iNO. E. coli pneumonia was induced via intratracheal instillation of Escherichia coli, which resulted in progressively decreased cardiac index and oxygen tension; increased pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI), intrapulmonary shunting, and developed septicemia at the end of 6 hr experiment. iNO ameliorated the progressive hypoxemia and intrapulmonary shunting without affecting the PVRI. Only two of 8 animals with L-NAMEpretreated pneumonia survived. Whereas when iNO was added to infected animals with L-NAME pretreatment, the progressive hypoxemia was abolished as a result of a decrease in intrapulmonary shunting without reverse of the high PVRI and systemic vascular resistance index induced by the L-NAME injection. This result suggests that a NOS blockade may be a possible supportive option for oxygenation by iNO treatment in neonatal Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia and sepsis.
Treatment Outcome ; Swine ; Survival Rate ; Sepsis/diagnosis/drug therapy/physiopathology ; Pulmonary Gas Exchange/*drug effects ; Premedication/*methods ; Pneumonia, Bacterial/diagnosis/*drug therapy/physiopathology ; Oxygen Consumption/*drug effects ; Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors ; Nitric Oxide/*administration & dosage ; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/*administration & dosage ; Injections, Intravenous ; Escherichia coli Infections/diagnosis/*drug therapy/physiopathology ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Animals, Newborn ; Animals ; Administration, Inhalation

We evaluated the effects of a combined therapy of pre-blockade endogenous nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and continuous inhaled NO (iNO) on the gas exchange and hemodynamics of Escherichia coli pneumonia and sepsis in newborn piglets. Seven to ten day old ventilated newborn piglets were randomized into 5 groups: control, E. coli pneumonia control, pneumonia with iNO 10 ppm, pneumonia pre-treated with L-NAME 10 mg/kg, and pneumonia with the combined therapy of L-NAME pretreatment and iNO. E. coli pneumonia was induced via intratracheal instillation of Escherichia coli, which resulted in progressively decreased cardiac index and oxygen tension; increased pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI), intrapulmonary shunting, and developed septicemia at the end of 6 hr experiment. iNO ameliorated the progressive hypoxemia and intrapulmonary shunting without affecting the PVRI. Only two of 8 animals with L-NAMEpretreated pneumonia survived. Whereas when iNO was added to infected animals with L-NAME pretreatment, the progressive hypoxemia was abolished as a result of a decrease in intrapulmonary shunting without reverse of the high PVRI and systemic vascular resistance index induced by the L-NAME injection. This result suggests that a NOS blockade may be a possible supportive option for oxygenation by iNO treatment in neonatal Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia and sepsis.
Treatment Outcome ; Swine ; Survival Rate ; Sepsis/diagnosis/drug therapy/physiopathology ; Pulmonary Gas Exchange/*drug effects ; Premedication/*methods ; Pneumonia, Bacterial/diagnosis/*drug therapy/physiopathology ; Oxygen Consumption/*drug effects ; Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors ; Nitric Oxide/*administration & dosage ; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/*administration & dosage ; Injections, Intravenous ; Escherichia coli Infections/diagnosis/*drug therapy/physiopathology ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Animals, Newborn ; Animals ; Administration, Inhalation

PURPOSE: Salvage operation is performed to improve the functional deficit of vascular access. This study is planned to evaluate the utility of the hybrid surgery through a comparative analysis between the results of surgical thrombectomy and those of hybrid surgery, combining surgical methods and endovascular treatments. METHODS: From January 2007 to December 2008, surgical thrombectomy had been done to 55 patients, whereas hybrid surgery had been done to 111 patients from January 2009 to December 2011. We have done a comparative analysis on the patency rate after the salvage operation for each group, retrospectively. Medical records were reviewed for patient information and radiographic data was used for checking the stenosis site in the hybrid surgery group. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups, including age, gender, diabetes status, hypertension, and vascular access site or type. The primary patency rate was significantly higher in arteriovenous fistulas (65%) compared with arteriovenous grafts group (55%), at 12 months (P<0.01). At one year after the salvage operation, the secondary patency rate was higher in the hybrid surgery group compared to the surgical thrombectomy group (43.8% vs. 23.7%, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: This study shows that hybrid surgery combining surgical methods and endovascular treatments can be more useful for the salvaging of thrombosed vascular access than performing only surgical thrombectomy.
Arteriovenous Fistula ; Chimera ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Medical Records ; Retrospective Studies ; Thrombectomy ; Transplants

PURPOSE: To analyze articles published in the Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing from 2013 to 2017 to determine the latest research trends and understand how 2013 Korea Women's Health Statistics were reflected in journal articles. METHODS: A total of 130 studies were analyzed. Research design, types of research, research framework, research subjects, characteristics of quantitative research, characteristics of qualitative research, and keywords were analyzed using a structured analysis format. RESULTS: Quantitative and qualitative research accounted for 83.8% and 13% of these 130 studies analyzed, respectively. Non-experimental and experimental research accounted for 70.7% and 13.1% of these studies, respectively. The most frequent study subjects were childbearing women (62.8%), including college students, mothers, and adults. A total of 69.1% of non-experimental research and 88.2% of experimental research used convenience sampling. Questionnaires were most frequently used for data collection. The most frequent keyword domain involved health-related concepts (41%) among nine domains and the most frequently used keyword was “women.” CONCLUSION: This study suggest that further experimental research should be conducted in the future. Also, adolescent and the elderly women should be focused on as subjects in future studies based on results of 2013 Korean Women's Health Statistics.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Data Collection ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Mothers ; Nursing* ; Qualitative Research ; Research Design ; Research Subjects ; Women's Health

PURPOSE: Luciferase is one of the most commonly used reporter enzymes in the field of in vivo optical imaging. D-luciferin, the substrate for firefly luciferase has very high cost that allows this kind of experiment limited to small animals such as mice and rats. In this current study, we validated local injection of D-luciferin in the articular capsule for bioluminescence imaging in rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chondrocytes were cultured and infected by replication-defective adenoviral vector encoding firefly luciferase (Fluc). Chondrocytes expressing Fluc were injected or implanted in the left knee joint. The rabbits underwent optical imaging studies after local injection of D-luciferin at 1, 5, 7, 9 days after cellular administration. We sought whether optimal imaging signals was could be by a cooled CCD camera after local injection of D-luciferin. RESULTS: Imaging signal was not observed from the left knee joint after intraperitoneal injection of D-luciferin (15 mg/kg), whereas it was observed after intraarticular injection. Photon intensity from the left knee joint of rabbits was compared between cell injected and implanted groups after intraarticular injection of D-luciferin. During the period of imaging studies, photon intensity of the cell implanted group was 5-10 times higher than that of the cell injected group. CONCLUSION: We successfully imaged chondrocytes expressing Fluc after intraarticular injection of D-luciferin. This technique may be further applied to develop new drugs for knee joint disease.
Adenoviridae ; Animals ; Chondrocytes* ; Fireflies ; Injections, Intra-Articular* ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Joint Capsule ; Knee Joint ; Luciferases ; Mice ; Optical Imaging ; Rabbits* ; Rats

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to develop an animal model of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) induced by in utero clamping of pregnant rat aorta in fetal rats. METHODS: A timed pregnanct Sprague-Dawley rat on embryonic day 21 just prior to delivery was sedated and anesthetized, and a Harvard ventilator for small animals was applied. Following laparotomy, the maternal aorta was clamped reversibly for 40 minutes using a surgical clip. The fetal rats were then delivered by Cesarean section, resuscitated if necessary, and reared by a surrogate mother rat until postnatal day 21 to obtain the brain specimen. After systemic perfusion and fixation, 10 microm thick serial brain sections were obtained and stained for pathologic examination and assessment of ventriculomegaly. Ventriculomegaly was assessed by the measured ventricle to total brain volume ratio. RESULTS: Eight out of eleven fetal rats (73%) survived in the ischemia group after induction of in utero ischemia by clamping maternal rat aorta, and all ten survived in the control group. Body and brain weights measured at postnatal day 21 were significantly lower in the ischemia group compared to the control group. In pathologic findings, significant ventriculomagaly (3.67+/-1.21% vs. 0.23+/-0.06%) was observed in the ischemia group compared to the control group; although cystic lesion was not observed, mild (n=6) and moderate (n=2) rerefaction of the brain tissue was observed. CONCLUSION: A fetal rat model of PVL induced by in utero clamping of pregnant rat aorta was developed.
Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Aorta ; Brain ; Brain Ischemia ; Cesarean Section ; Constriction ; Female ; Human ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Ischemia ; Laparotomy ; Leukomalacia, Periventricular ; Models, Animal ; Perfusion ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Surgical Instruments ; Surrogate Mothers ; Ventilators, Mechanical ; Weights and Measures

We have previously shown that cycloheximide significantly inhibited apoptosis, and reduced ensuing cerebral infarction in a newborn rat model of cerebral hypoxiaischemia. This study was performed to determine the therapeutic window for cycloheximide therapy. Seven day-old newborn rat pups were subjected to 100 min of 8% oxygen following a unilateral carotid artery ligation, and cycloheximide was given at 0, 6, 12 and 24 hr after hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Apoptosis or necrosis was identified by performing flow cytometry with a combination of fluorescinated annexin V and propidium iodide, and the extent of cerebral infarction was evaluated with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) at 48 hr and 72 hr after HI, respectively. With cycloheximide treatment at 0 hr after HI, both apoptotic and necrotic cells by flow cytometry were significantly reduced, only necrotic cells were significantly reduced at 6 and 12 hr, and no protective effect was seen if administration was delayed until 24 hr after HI compared to the HI control group. Infarct volume, measured by TTC, was significantly reduced by 92% and 61% when cycloheximide was given at 0 or 6 hr after HI respectively; however, there was an insignificant trend in infarct reduction if cycloheximide was administered 12 hr after HI, and no protective effect was observed when administration was delayed until 24 hr after HI. In summary, cycloheximide was neuroprotective when given within 6 hr after HI in the developing newborn rat brain.
Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rats ; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Neuroprotective Agents/*therapeutic use ; Necrosis ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/*drug therapy ; Hypoxia, Brain ; Humans ; Flow Cytometry ; Cycloheximide/*therapeutic use ; Brain Ischemia ; Apoptosis ; Animals, Newborn ; Animals