Open long bone fracture is frequently difficult to reduce and maintain, especilly when there is extensive soft tissue damage. Infection, instability, malalignment and soft tissue complication often result in prolonged mobidity or failure. The Hoffmann's apparatus have merits, that can easily correct distracted, angular or rotational deformity of fracture site during early post-operative period, and stable fixation facilitates easily to the care of soft tissue injury. In addition, the affected limb can be elevated with balanced suspension, possible early exercise of neighboring joints. But we have exerienced some problems during treatment of fracture with Hoffmann's transfixation method. From February 1980 to December 1981, Hoffmann's transfixation method was employed in treatment of twenty-one patients that considered to have a poor prognosis with conversional forms of treatment. The results were obtained as follows; 1. For correction of distracted, angular, or rotational deformity, the fracture site should be reduced accurately. 2. Hoffmann pins should be transfixed as one plane and parrallel to each other. 3. Rigidity of fixation can be increased by increasing number of pins, actually three or more pins should be applied at each fragment of fracture. 4. Hoffmann's apparatus is more complex for management, more expensive and requires skillful technique compared with other external fixation apparatus. 5. The lateral view of fracture site could not be confirmed accurately due to overlapping of Hoffmann's adjustable connecting rod and bony shadow. 6. The main cause of injuries was due to traffic accidents in 17 cases (81%), involving tibia in 18 cases, femur in 2 cases and humerus in 1 case. 7. In the sixteen cases which could be assessed, the average times for external transfixation was 13.9 weeks and then followed by early weight bearing with P.T.B. cast or brace. The average time of bony union was 26.4 weeks. 8. The final result was excellent in 7 cases, good in 5 cases, acceptable in 3 cases, poor in 1 case.
Accidents, Traffic ; Braces ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Extremities ; Femur ; Fractures, Bone ; Fractures, Open ; Humans ; Humerus ; Joints ; Methods ; Prognosis ; Soft Tissue Injuries ; Tibia ; Weight-Bearing

The new trial to apply the closed I-M nailing for 23 cases of long bone fracture has been used our department, loss of hematoma, further damage to periosteum and soft tissue were prevented; the risk of infection was reduced; and the early functional use of extremities without additional superflous external fixation could be made. The results obtained were as follows; 1. There was no case of non-union or other complication. 2. The average bone union rate was 26.1 weeks in femur, 22 weeks in tibia, or 11.5 weeks in forearm. 3. The advantages is simple method and be able to do early ambulation without following muscular atrophy or ankylosis. 4. The patients were satisfactory about cosmetic problem after operation. 5. The merits of this operation were the short hospitalization and early adaptation of social activity. 6. In conclusion, closed I-M nailing is method of choice for long bone shaft fracture when internal fixation is indicated and our operative is useful and simple.
Ankylosis ; Early Ambulation ; Extremities ; Femur ; Forearm ; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary ; Fractures, Bone ; Hematoma ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Methods ; Muscular Atrophy ; Periosteum ; Tibia

No abstract available.
Meningitis* ; Mycoplasma pneumoniae* ; Mycoplasma* ; Pneumonia* ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Gene Expression* ; Hypothalamus* ; Immunohistochemistry* ; In Situ Hybridization* ; Rats* ; Vasopressins*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Brain* ; Mice*

This study was performed to described morphology of mitral valve by observing and measuring anatomical structures of mitral valves in Korean which looked normal at autopsy, and to provided basic data the clinical application. The mean circumference of mitral valve annulus was 9.14±1.28cm in males and 8.14±1.18cm in females. The width of anterior cusp was 30.3±0.53cm in males and 2.80±0.53cm in females, and the height was 1.99±0.43cm in males and 1.51±0.39cm in females. The posterior cusp consisted of 3 scallops in 34 hearts and 4 scallops in 4 hearts, and 2 scallops in 2 hearts out of 40 hearts. The middle scallop was largest in 36 hearts out of 40 hearts. The width of posteromedial scallop was 1.18±0.37cm in males and 1.08±0.32cm in females, and the height was 0.97±0.31cm in males and 0.94±0.29cm in females. Thre width of midd1e scallop was 2.08±0.61cm in males and 1.84±0.63cm in feamales, and the height was 1.18±0.32cm in male and 1,11±0.25cm in females. The width of anterolateral scallop was 1.30±0.41cm in males and 1.10±0.43cm in females, and the height was 0.88±0.25cm in males and 0.94±0.33cm in females. In general, the values of male were greater than those of female, although there was no statistical significance. Measurements of this study were generally smaller than those of the Caucasian reported by other investigators. Measurements in male were generally larger than those in female and this result corresponded well to those of other authors.
Adult* ; Autopsy ; Female ; Heart* ; Humans ; Male ; Mitral Valve* ; Pectinidae ; Research Personnel

A total of 60 patients with Hymenolepis nana infection were treated with a single oral dose of praziquantel in two different dose levels. Twenty-nine cases treated with praziquantel in a single dose of 15 mg/kg body weight produced a 100% cure rate. On the otehr hand, 30 out of 31 patients who received a single dose of 25 mg/kg body weight cured completely, but only one case had counts of 200 EPG of feces in each tests on the 20th and 21st days after treatment. The cure rate was 96.8% and the mean egg reduction rate of 99.8 per cent was obtained. Side effects were mild and transitory. In a few cases, abdominal pain, vertigo, headache and diarrhea were complained in a few hours after medication. Clinial hematology, serum biochemistry and urinalysis were performed immediately before and the next day after treatment in all cases. There were no significant abnormalities detected in these tests.
parasitology-helminth-cestoda ; Hymenolepis nana ; chemotherapy-praziquantel

OBJECTIVES: For estimating the antenatal fetal wellbeing to develop new analysis method of fetal heart rate(FHR) with electronic Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring(eFHRM) and computer. METHODS: Heart rate signal is received from distressed fetus using eFHRM. It is necessary to carry out low pass filtering as a preprocess for the nonlinear method. Nonlinear parameters are calculated and classified to investigate the relations between these parameters and values of umbilical cord blood gas. RESULTS: By dividing values of the umbilical cord blood gas into 5 fetuses of acidemic group and 17 fetuses of non-acidemic group after 22 neonates who presented fetal distress were born, the following results as compared with nonlinear chaotic analysis result were obtained. 1. Delay time through AMI for acidemic group was 16.80+/-3.11, and was higher than 15.41+/-2.27 for non-acidemic group, and is not significant in statistics. 2. Embedding Dimension calculated with FNN method was 5.60+/-2.07 for acidemic group, and 4.71+/-1.26 for non-acidemic group, and it was not significant statistically. 3. Correlation dimension for acidemic group was 1.41+/-0.20, and was higher than 1.10+/-0.38 for non-acidemic group, and is not significant in statistics. 4. Mean crossing value by isoangular return map was 28.80+/-11.34 for acidemic group, and 16.65+/-7.00 for non-acidemic group, and it was significant statistically(P=0.008). 5. In comparison of information entropy in 1-D ED, acidemic group was 6.32+/-0.38 and non-acidemic group was 6.20+/-0.28 and it was not significant statistically. Also, in comparison of value in 2-D ED, acidemic group was 10.20+/-0.34. It was higher than non-acidemic group of 9.51+/-0.43 significantly in statistics(P=0.004). But, in comparison of value in 2-D EP, acidemic group was 8.78+/-0.86 and non-acidemic group is of 9.22+/-0.74 and it wasn't significant statistically. And, 2-D ED(DI) value was 10.64+/-0.14 for acidemic group and 10.51+/-0.18 for non-acidemic group, and it wasn't significant statistically. CONCLUSIONS: By the above result, nonliner dynamics and chaotic analysis of heart rate data with computer can serve as a new diagnosis method which may estimate the fetal wellbeing with real time. Through further studies for establishment of diagnosis standard and computer programming, real time diagnosis method shall be applied to clinical practice.
Diagnosis ; Entropy ; Female ; Fetal Blood ; Fetal Distress* ; Fetal Heart* ; Fetus ; Heart Rate ; Heart Rate, Fetal* ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Nonlinear Dynamics* ; Pregnancy

Nitric oxide(NO) is thought to play an important role in development and plasticity of brain. In this study, we aimed to examine the expression of neuronal NOS and NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity in the developing rat brain. The results show that there is a great variation in the time of appearance of the earliest NOS containing cells depending on their location: At the 15th embryonic day weakly stained cells were present in caudate-putamen, and neurons in the sensory trigeminal nucleus and the solitary nucleus displayed an intense staining. The NOS neurons in orbital neocortex, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area and mammillary body appeared first at the 18th embryonic day. The supraoptic nucleus and superior and inferior colliculi also weakly labeled at the 18th embryonic day, At the loth embryonic day, positive cells appeared in horizontal limb of diagonal band, anterior olfactory nucleus and parafascicular thalamic nucleus. In the cerebellum, weak NOS staining was present in fibers and cells situated below Purkinje cert layer. The Purkinje cell layer displayed a weak, rather diffuse activity throughout the cerebellum at postnatal day 0. At the 4th postnatal day. the reaction product in the Purkinje cell layer became more distinct. At the 10th postnatal day, the inner part of molecular layer became populated by NOS positive basket cells, and the reaction products on the Purkinje cells began to disappear. The present results showed that NOS in the rat brain is expressed in different populations of neurons at different stages of development. This expression pattern of NOS suggests that NO may play a role in the developmental remodelling of the mammalian brain.
Animals ; Brain* ; Cerebellum ; Extremities ; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral ; Inferior Colliculi ; Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei ; Mamillary Bodies ; Neocortex ; Neurons ; Nitric Oxide Synthase* ; Nitric Oxide* ; Orbit ; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus ; Plastics ; Purkinje Cells ; Rats* ; Septal Nuclei ; Solitary Nucleus ; Supraoptic Nucleus ; Trigeminal Nuclei

No abstract available.
Animals ; Rats* ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus* ; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide*