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This paper made some reflections on the development of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) nephrology in recent years. It analyzed the strategic position and importance of social development in the field of prevention and treatment of diseases by TCM. Problems and puzzles on this subject had been summarized and countermeasures had been put forward. Preliminary conceptions on development strategies, goals and direction of TCM nephrology had been made.

Liver fibrosis can be classified as a wound-healing response to a variety of chronic stimuli,and is characterized by an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix(ECM)proteins.Hepatic stellate cells(HSCs)are presently regarded as one of the key cell types involved in the progression of liver fibrosis.Following a fibrogenic stimulus,HSC changes from a quiescent to an activated,collagen-producing cell.Each cellular response to extracelluar stimuli must be framed in a scenario.Along these lines,the identification and characterization of intracellular signaling pathways activated by different stimuli in HSCs represent a mandatory step.Drug targets which aim at the extra-cellular signals or intra-cellular cascades are required for ameliorating liver fibrosis.

Hepatic fibrosis is a pathological process in which excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components, occurs due to an imbalance between the production and degradation of matrix. Fibrosis is the hallmark of most chronic liver diseases. It is also the major factor of the development of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Therefore, in light of the regulative factors on different levels and mechanism of fiber synthesis and degradation, antifibrotic medicine can inhibit the synthesis of matrix or increase its degradation on different links. The present situation concerning the study of the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine and natural medicine on hepatic fibrosis is reviewed.

Based on the "Grayscales average distribution" method which equally distributes the input gray levels to output gray levels, three improved methods named: "Reduce the gray range expressed by the less significant subfields", "Low levels preset" and "Modify the exponent of inverse-gamma function" are proposed in this paper. Using these methods, the inverse-gamma relation subfields code can be obtained easily which can improve the low level expressions of AC-PDP. And a program, "gray scales distribution validate program", which can enhance the expressions of the demanded gray levels range, is also proposed in this paper.

Objective: To explore the relationship between CDR1 and CDR2 expression and fluconazole-resistance in clinical Candida albicans strains, so as to explore the mechanism of drug-resistance in Candida albicans. Methods: The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of clinical Candida albicans strains to fluconazole were determined by broth microdilution method. The total RNA of fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans strains were extracted, and the expression of the CDR1 and CDR2 genes was examined by real-time RT-PCR. The efflux of Rhodamine 6G was determined in the strains highly expressing CDR1 and CDR2 genes. Results: The incidences of CDR1 and (or) CDR2 overexpression in fluconazole-resistant strains were significantly higher than those in the fluconazole-sensitive stains. The efflux of Rhodamine 6G was significantly increased in the fluconazole-resistant strains when glucose was added, and overexpression of CDR1 and CDR2 were observed in theses strains. Some resistant strains showed no overexpression of CDR1 and CDR2. Conclusion: Fluconazole-resistance in clinical Candida albicans strains is related to the overexpression of ABC transporter proteins. Overexpression of ABC transporters can increase the efflux of drugs and therefore lead to drug-resistance. Other mechanisms may also participate in the development of drug resistance in the clinical Candida albicans strains.

As one of exploratory data analysis method, the clustering analysis can provide technical support for objectivity and standardization ofTCM. This paper dealt with the application of the clustering analysis in the research of Chinese medcine, TCM pattern differentiation and the regularity of TCM herbal formulae. The clustering analysis showed great value on classifying imformation and finding out regularity from data, only if the characteristics of TCM data were considered.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the effects of Compound Ligusticum chuanxiong drop pill on hemorheology and blood gas in model rats with diabetic nephropathy(DN). METHODS:60 rats were randomly divided into normal control group,model group, positive control group [Irbesartan tablet,0.013 g/(kg·d)] and Compound L. chuanxiong drop pill high-dose,medium-dose,low-dose groups [0.4,0.2,0.1 g/(kg·d)],10 in each group. Except for normal control group,rats in other groups were given high-sugar high-fat feed and intraperitoneally injected streptozotocin to reduce DN model. After 7 d modeling,rats in each group received relat-ed drugs intragastrically,once a day,10 mL/kg;normal control group and model group received equal volume of purified water in-tragastrically. After 64 d,hemorheology indicators [whole blood viscosity(high-shear,medium-shear and low-shear),plasma viscosi-ty,whole blood reduced viscosity] and blood gas indicators(carbon dioxide partial pressure,oxygen partial pressure,hemoglobin content,oxygen saturation,ratio of oxygenated hemoglobin to total protein) of rats were determined,hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the pathological changes in kidney tissue. RESULTS:Compared with normal control group,hemorheology indi-cators and carbon dioxide partial pressure in model group were significantly increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01),oxygen partial pres-sure,hemoglobin content,oxygen saturation,ratio of oxygenated hemoglobin to total protein were significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01),with severe kidney damage. Compared with model group,except the improvement of carbon dioxide partial pressure, oxygen partial pressure,hemoglobin content in rats were not significant in Compound L. chuanxiong drop pill low-dose group,the above-mentioned indicators in other medicine groups were significantly improved(P<0.05 or P<0.01);the kidney tissue damage was improved to varying degree. CONCLUSIONS:Compound L. chuanxiong drop pill can significantly improve the hemorheology indicators of DN model rats,reduce blood viscosity,improve microcirculation and capacity of the blood to transport oxygen,and has certain improvement effect on kidney tissue morphology of DN rats.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the drug resistance and the status of producing ESBLs and AmpC beta-lactamases of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from 2006 to 2007 in local district.METHODS From 2006 to 2007,110 strains of K.pneumoniae insensitive to cefoxitin were collected.The sensitiveness to 16 antibiotics were tested by K-B method and microdilution method.Genes of TEM,SHV,GES,PER,CTX-M-1,CTX-M-2,CTX-M-3,DHA and MIR-1/ACT-1 were tested by PCR.The gene transfer was detected by conjugation test.RESULTS The resistance rate of 110 K.pneumoniae strains to meropenem,imipenem,piperacillin/tazobactam,cefoperazone/sulbactam,ceftazidime and cefepime was 0-49.9%.The resistance rate to other antibiotics was 80-100%.And ESBLs production was the main result.Genes of ESBLs were CTX-M and SHV.Genes of AmpC beta-lactamases were ACT and DHA.They all could transfer the drug-resistance from plasmid to receptor bacteria.CONCLUSIONS Co-existing of ESBLs and AmpC beta-lactamases is the main reason of multi-drug resistance that K.pneumoniae.Transferring of drug-resistance gene leads to the spreading of drug-resistance.The drug-resistance rate of K.pneumoniae decreased during the last two years.