Objective To explore the expressions of Sry-related high mobility group box 9(SOX9)and gastrokine-1(GKN1) in gastric cancer tissues and their relationships with clinicopathologic features and prognosis of patients.Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of SOX9 and GKN1 in 70 cases of gastric cancer tissues and corresponding paracancerous tissues including 27 cases of intestinal metaplasia and 43 cases of normal gastric mucosa. The relationships of SOX9 and GKN1 expressions with clinicopathological features and prognosis were analyzed in gastric cancer tissues.Results The high expression rates of SOX9 in gastric cancer tissues,intestinal metaplasia,and normal gastric mucosa were 92.9%(65/70),77.8%(21/27),and 55.8%(24/43),respectively(=21.722,<0.001). Positive nuclear and cytoplasmic staining was observed. The high nuclear expression rate of SOX9 in gastric cancer tissues was 67.1%,which was significantly higher than those of intestinal metaplasia(37.0%,=0.007)and normal gastric mucosa(23.3%,<0.001). The high cytoplasmic expression rate of GKN1 in normal gastric mucosa was 76.7%,which was significantly higher than those of intestinal metaplasia(44.4%,=0.006)and gastric cancer tissues(37.1%,<0.001). Univariate analysis demonstrated that the nuclear expression of SOX9 in gastric cancer was associated with the degree of tissue differentiation(=0.007),while the cytoplasmic expression of GKN1 was associated with both the degree of tissue differentiation(=0.002)and whether the pathological type was a signet-ring cell carcinoma(=0.009). Furthermore,the nuclear expression of SOX9 was negatively correlated with the expression of GKN1 in gastric cancer(=15.424,<0.001). The 5-year survival rates of patients with high or low nuclear expression of SOX9 were 33.8% and 67.5%,respectively(=0.016).The 5-year survival rates of patients with high or low expression of GKN1 were 60.0% and 35.6%,respectively(=0.044). Further research indicated that 5-year survival rate of patients with high nuclear expression of SOX9 and low expression of GKN1 was 28.8%. Cox multivariate regression analysis showed that TNM stage(stage Ⅱ:=7.435,95%:1.313-42.096,=0.023;stage Ⅲ:=12.214,95%:2.677-55.721,=0.001)and nuclear expression level of SOX9(=3.297,95%:1.199-9.065,=0.021)were independent risk factors for the prognosis of gastric cancer patients.Conclusions Changes in the expressions of SOX9 and GKN1 may be associated with the malignant biological behavior of gastric cancer. SOX9 may be a potential prognostic factor. The combined detection of SOX9 and GKN1 expression and the further study of their molecular mechanism may provide new clues for early diagnosis,targeted therapy,and prognostic prediction of gastric cancer.
Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Peptide Hormones ; genetics ; Prognosis ; SOX9 Transcription Factor ; genetics ; Stomach Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; genetics ; Survival Rate

Endochondral ossification is the fundamental process of skeletal development in vertebrates. Chondrocytes undergo sequential steps of differentiation, including mesenchymal condensation, proliferation, hypertrophy, and mineralization. These steps, which are required for the morphological and functional changes in differentiating chondrocytes, are strictly regulated by a complex transcriptional network. Biochemical and mice genetic studies identified chondrogenic transcription factors critical for endochondral ossification. The transcription factor sex-determining region Y (SRY)-box 9 (Sox9) is essential for early chondrogenesis, and impaired Sox9 function causes severe chondrodysplasia in humans and mice. In addition, recent genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing studies revealed the precise regulatory mechanism of Sox9 during early chondrogenesis. Runt-related transcription factor 2 promotes chondrocyte hypertrophy and terminal differentiation. Interestingly, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related transcription factors have recently emerged as novel regulators of chondrocyte differentiation. Here we review the transcriptional mechanisms that regulate endochondral ossification, with a focus on Sox9.
Animals ; Chondrocytes ; Chondrogenesis ; Chromatin ; Endoplasmic Reticulum ; Gene Regulatory Networks* ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Mice ; Miners ; Osteogenesis ; SOX9 Transcription Factor ; Transcription Factors ; Vertebrates

Gondadal differentiation is genetically determined in humans. Sex is determined when the bipotential embryologic tissues differentiate into testes or ovary. SRY, a gene located on the Y chromosome, triggers a complex genetic cascade leading to testicular differentiation. However, only a minority of 46, XY sex reversal patients can be explained by SRY mutations, suggesting that other genes influencing sex determination are to be discovered. Recent studies show that testis differentiation requires insulin receptor family function in mice. SRY normally requires two distinct NLS-dependent nuclear import pathways to reach sufficient levels in the nucleus for gonadal differentiation.
Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, sry ; physiology ; High Mobility Group Proteins ; genetics ; physiology ; Humans ; Male ; SOX9 Transcription Factor ; Sex Differentiation ; Transcription Factors ; genetics ; physiology

OBJECTIVESTo construct small interfering (siRNA) Sox9 expression plasmid and transfer it into human chondrosarcoma cells HTB-94, and to check the mRNA and protein expression of Sox9 and cell growth and apoptosis of HTB-94 human chondrosarcoma cells.

METHODSsiRNA(Sox9) expression plasmid was designed and synthesized. And it was transferred into HTB-94 human chondrosarcoma cells. Then the expression of the mRNA and protein of Sox9, cell growth and apoptosis in transferred HTB-94 human chondrosarcoma cells were checked.

RESULTSThe recombinant plasmid was confirmed by enzyme digestion analysis and DNA sequencing. The expression of the mRNA and protein expression of Sox9 in transferred HTB-94 were significantly reduced. The cell growth of HTB-94 was inhibited, and the apoptosis of HTB-94 was remarkably increased.

CONCLUSIONsiRNA (Sox9) expression plasmid could be transferred into HTB-94 human chondrosarcoma cells. And it can reduce the mRNA and protein expression of the HTB-94, inhibit the cell growth and cause the apoptosis of the tumor cells.

Apoptosis ; Cell Proliferation ; Chondrosarcoma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Plasmids ; genetics ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; RNA, Small Interfering ; genetics ; SOX9 Transcription Factor ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Campomelic dysplasia (CD; OMIM #114290), a rare form of congenital short-limbed dwarfism, is due to mutations in SOX9, a member of the SOX (SRY-related HMG box) gene family. Multiparous mother at 38 weeks' gestation delivered a 3,272 g baby boy with characteristic phenotypes including bowing of the lower limbs, a narrow thoracic cage, 11 pairs of ribs, hypoplastic scapulae, macrocephaly, flattened supraorbital ridges and nasal bridge, cleft palate, and micrognathia. He underwent a tracheostomy at the age of three months for severe laryngomalacia after a number of repeated hospitalizations due to respiratory problems and died at the age of four months from progressive respiratory failure. He was diagnosed as having CD based on a novel frameshift mutation (p.Gln458ArgfsX12) in the SOX9 gene, the mutation which has not yet been reported in Korea.
Campomelic Dysplasia/*diagnosis/genetics/radiography ; Disorders of Sex Development/genetics ; Frameshift Mutation ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Respiratory Insufficiency/complications ; SOX9 Transcription Factor/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

BACKGROUNDIn vitro chondrocyte expansion is a major challenge in cell-based therapy for human articular cartilage repair. Classical culture conditions usually use animal serum as a medium supplement, which raises a number of undesirable questions. In the present study, two kinds of defined, serum-free media were developed to expand chondrocytes in monolayer culture for the purpose of cartilage tissue engineering.

METHODSBovine chondrocytes were expanded in serum-free media supplemented with fibroblast growth factor-2 and platelet-derived growth factor or fibroblast growth factor-2 and insulin-like growth factor. Expansion culture in a conventional 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) medium served as control. Fibronectin coating was used to help cell adhesion in serum-free medium. Next, in vitro three-dimensional pellet culture was used to evaluate the chondrocyte capacity. Cell pellets were expanded in different media to re-express the differentiated phenotype (re-differentiation) and to form cartilaginous tissue. The pellets were assessed by glycosaminoglycans contents, collagen II, collagen I and collagen X immunohistological staining.

RESULTSChondrocytes cultured in serum-free media showed no proliferation difference than cells grown with 10% FBS medium. In addition, chondrocytes expanded in both serum-free media expressed more differentiated phenotypes at the end of monolayer culture, as indicated by higher gene expression ratios of collagen type II to collagen type I. Pellets derived from chondrocytes cultured in both serum-free media displayed comparable chondrogenic capacities to pellets from cells expanded in 10% FBS medium.

CONCLUSIONThese findings provide alternative culture approaches for chondrocytes in vitro expansion, which may benefit the clinical use of autologous chondrocytes implantation.

Animals ; Cartilage, Articular ; cytology ; Cattle ; Cell Dedifferentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Chondrocytes ; cytology ; physiology ; Culture Media, Serum-Free ; Fibronectins ; pharmacology ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; SOX9 Transcription Factor ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo investigate the association of SOX9 expression and clinicopathologic factors and prognosis of gastric cancer.

METHODSA retrospective cohort study including 112 gastric cancer patients admitted to the Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital from 2004 to 2006 was performed. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to evaluate the expression of SOX9 in the 112 specimens of gastric cancer tissues and 70 non-cancerous tissues adjacent to the tumor.

RESULTSLow expression of SOX9 was seen in 5(7.1%) tissues out of 70 non-cancerous tissues adjacent to the tumor. A total of 94(83.9%) patients had varying expression of SOX9, of whom 51(45.4%) had overexpression. Univariate analysis demonstrated that the expression of SOX9 was significantly associated with Lauren classification (P<0.05), tumor invasion(P<0.01), lymph node metastasis(P<0.05), distant metastasis(P<0.05) and tumor stage(P<0.05), however there was no significant association between SOX9 expression and sex, age, histological type, histology differentiation or tumor size. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the 5-year survival rate of patients with SOX9 over-expression was significantly lower than that of patients with low expression(29.4% vs. 49.2%, P=0.031). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that histology differentiation(P=0.046), tumor invasion(P=0.001), and distant metastasis(P<0.01) were independent prognostic factors for gastric cancer, however the over-expression of SOX9 was not significant(P=0.948).

CONCLUSIONSThe expression SOX9 is associated with the growth, invasion, and metastasis of gastric cancer, as well as the prognosis. However, SOX9 expression is not an independent factor for the prognosis in patients with gastric cancer.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Humans ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; SOX9 Transcription Factor ; metabolism ; Stomach Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology

Irreversible destruction of bronchi and alveoli can lead to multiple incurable lung diseases. Identifying lung stem/progenitor cells with regenerative capacity and utilizing them to reconstruct functional tissue is one of the biggest hopes to reverse the damage and cure such diseases. Here we showed that a rare population of SOX9 basal cells (BCs) located at airway epithelium rugae can regenerate adult human lung. Human SOX9 BCs can be readily isolated by bronchoscopic brushing and indefinitely expanded in feeder-free condition. Expanded human SOX9 BCs can give rise to alveolar and bronchiolar epithelium after being transplanted into injured mouse lung, with air-blood exchange system reconstructed and recipient's lung function improved. Manipulation of lung microenvironment with Pirfenidone to suppress TGF-β signaling could further boost the transplantation efficiency. Moreover, we conducted the first autologous SOX9 BCs transplantation clinical trial in two bronchiectasis patients. Lung tissue repair and pulmonary function enhancement was observed in patients 3-12 months after cell transplantation. Altogether our current work indicated that functional adult human lung structure can be reconstituted by orthotopic transplantation of tissue-specific stem/progenitor cells, which could be translated into a mature regenerative therapeutic strategy in near future.
Bronchiectasis ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Pulmonary Alveoli ; cytology ; metabolism ; SOX9 Transcription Factor ; genetics ; metabolism ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; methods ; Stem Cells ; cytology ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo construct one lentiviral vector containing mouse SRY-related silencing group--box gene 9 (SOX9) and to transfect murine bone mesenehymal stem cells (mBMSCs) in vitro and observe the expression of target gene.

METHODSRNA inteference target sequence was designed in connectin with mice SOX9 gene sequence. The double strands DNAoligo containing interference sequence were synthesized and cloned into lentivirus vector. The siRNA lentiviral vector with SOX9 gene silencing was constructed and identified, which was transfected into rat bone mesenehymal stem cells. The expression of target gene was detected by immunofluorescence, RT-PCR and Western blot.

RESULTSLenti-SOX9-siRNA-EGFP was recombined successfully and transduced efficiently into mBMSCs. The expression of SOX9 gene silencing was confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blot.

CONCLUSIONMouse SOX9 gene silencing by RNA interference and Lentiviral vector can transfected successfully into mBMSCs. Meanwhile,SOX9 gene may be silenced in SOX9 transduced mBMSCs. This will provide target cells for the following study about SOX9 gene respairing cartilage injury.

Animals ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Gene Silencing ; Genetic Therapy ; Genetic Vectors ; Lentivirus ; genetics ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; metabolism ; Mice ; SOX9 Transcription Factor ; genetics ; Transduction, Genetic

Objective: To investigate the repair effect and JNK/NF-κB,SOX9 mechanisms of vibration exercise with different frequencies on articular cartilage in rats with early knee osteoarthritis. Methods: Forty-eight adult male SD rats were randomly divided into six groups(n=8):model control group(MC),high frequency vibration group 1 (GP₁,60 Hz),high frequency vibration 2 group (GP₂,40 Hz),medium frequency vibration group (ZP,20 Hz),minor frequency group(DP,10 Hz)and normal control group(NC). Except for NC group,the rats in each group were made into early knee osteoarthritis model after six weeks of knee joint cavity injection of papain solution and 2% mixture l-cysteine on the 1^st,4 ^th and 7^th day. Each exercise group was subjected vibration to 40 minutes a day with amplitude of 2～5 mm and 5 days a week. Four weeks later, the articular cartilage of the lateral femoral condyle of the both back leg knee joints were detected by HE staining,serine O staining and Mankin scores for morphological observation. The expression levels of JNK,NF-κB p65 and Sox9 mRNA in articular cartilage of the medial femoral condyle were detected by RT-qPCR,and the protein expressions of JNK,NF-κB p65 and Sox9 were detected by Western blot. Results: Compared with the NC group,the Mankin score in other groups was significantly higher (P＜0.01). Compared with the MC group,the Mankin score of each vibration group was significantly lower(P＜0.05),the mRNA and protein expressions of JNK and NF-κB p65 in each vibration training group were significantly lower (P＜0.01),the expressions of Sox9 mRNA and protein in vibration training group were increased significantly (P＜0.01). Compared with the higher frequency group,the Mankin score,the mRNA and protein expressions of JNK and NF-κB p65 of lower frequency group were significantly lower (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). But the expressions of Sox9 mRNA and protein were significantly higher (P＜ 0.05 or P＜0.01). Conclusion: Vibration exercise of different frequencies may present varying degrees of cartilage repair impact in rats with early knee osteoarthritis,and the cartilage repair by low-frequency vibration training is better than that by high-frequency vibration. This can be one of the mechanisms on controlling collagen synthesis by down-regulating JNK/NF-κB expression and increasing SOX9 activity of OA articular cartilage.
Animals ; Cartilage, Articular/metabolism* ; MAP Kinase Kinase 4 ; Male ; NF-kappa B/metabolism* ; Osteoarthritis, Knee/therapy* ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; SOX9 Transcription Factor ; Vibration