In order to ascertain prevalence rate of premarital sexual intercourse, unintended pregnancy and abortion, and evaluate associated factors of unintended pregnancy among undergraduates from all over China, the representative sample of unmarried undergraduates was obtained by using a multi-stage, stratified, probability cluster design, and data were collected by using a survey questionnaire. 62 326 available responders were gained. 11.6% of them acknowledged having experiences of premarital sexual intercourse (standardized prevalence rate of sexual intercourse was 13.8%). 31.5% of students active in premarital sex acknowledged undergoing unintended pregnancy. 76.2% of pregnant students selected abortion to end it. Of students active in premarital sex, 46.2% used contraception at the first sexual intercourse, 28.2% replied "always" using contraception in sexual intercourse. The rate of using condoms, oral contraceptives (OCs), and withdrawal among students who had used contraception was 52.0%, 31.0%, and 27.2% respectively. "No preparation for sex" (40.3%), "pleasure decrement" (32.1%), "won't-be-pregnancy in occasional sexual intercourse" (30.2%) were their common excuses for using no contraception. The identified risk factors for unintended pregnancy among students active in premarital sex by multivariate analysis were as follows: having no steady lover [having no steady lover vs having a steady lover: odds ratio (OR), 1.875; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.629-2.158], unaware of the course of conception (unaware vs aware: OR, 2.023; 95% CI, 1.811-2.260), considering abortion not endanger women's physical and mental health (no endangerment vs endangerment: OR, 2.659; 95% CI, 2.265-3.121), nonuse of contraception (never use vs always use: OR, 1.682; 95% CI, 1.295-2.185). Medical students were not less likely to experience an unintended pregnancy than nonmedical students (OR, 1.111; 95% CI, 0.906-1.287). The substantial proportion of unintended pregnancy among undergraduates indicates a need for convenient and targeted contraceptive education and services.

目的：分析Claudin-2蛋白在食管鳞癌（esophageal squamous cell carcinomas，ESCC）组织中的表达及其与患者临床病理特征、5年生存率的关系，探索其对ESCC细胞KYSE450的增殖、迁移和侵袭的影响。方法：选取河南省肿瘤医院2010至2013年间初治的ESCC患者手术切除肿瘤组织52例及其中20例对应的癌旁组织标本，采用免疫组化和WB法检测Claudin-2的表达并分析其与患者临床病理特征和5年生存率的关系。WB法检测ESCC细胞（KYSE450、KYSE150、KYSE510、KYSE140）和人永生化食管上皮细胞SHEE中Claudin-2的表达，构建Claudin-2 shRNA慢病毒载体并转染KYSE450细胞构建敲低Claudin-2表达的细胞系，进一步通过克隆形成实验、细胞划痕实验及Transwell实验检测敲低Claudin-2对KYSE450细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭的影响。结果：ESCC组织中Claudin-2阳性率显著高于癌旁组织（P<0.05），ESCC组织中Claudin-2的表达与淋巴结转移有关（P<0.05）。Claudin-2表达阳性患者5年生存率显著低于阴性者（P<0.05）。成功构建敲低Claudin-2表达的KYSE450细胞系。sh-Claudin-2组细胞的克隆形成数、伤口愈合率和侵袭细胞数均显著低于sh-NT组和对照组（P<0.05）。结论：ESCC组织中Claudin-2的表达高于癌旁组织，且与患者5年生存率呈负相关，Claudin-2能够增强KYSE450细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力。

In the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or AD animal models, β-amyloid (Aβ), tau protein, presenilin (PS)1, PS2 and apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) would affect the calcium channels on neuronal cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum membrane and mitochondrial membrane, and eventually lead to the imbalance of calcium homeostasis in neurons. Aβ can also act on the endoplasmic reticulum of astrocytes and cause abnormal calcium signal. Abnormal calcium signals in the brain in turn act on neurons and promote Aβ and tau protein phosphorylation, which aggravates the disease. This study focuses on the changes of calcium signals in neurons and astrocytes in AD, in order to clarify the relationship between the calcium dyshomeostasis in neurons and astrocytes and the pathogenesis of AD, thus provides new idea for the prevention and treatment of AD.

In order to ascertain prevalence rate of premarital sexual intercourse,unintended pregnancy and abortion,and evaluate associated factors of unintended pregnancy among undergraduates from all over China,the representative sample of unmarried undergraduates was obtained by using a multi-stage,stratified,probability cluster design,and data were collected by using a survey questionnaire.62 326available responders were gained.11.6％ of them acknowledged having experiences of premarital sexual intercourse (standardized prevalence rate of sexual intercourse was 13.8％).31.5％ of students active in premarital sex acknowledged undergoing unintended pregnancy.76.2％ of pregnant students selected abortion to end it.Of students active in premarital sex,46.2％ used contraception at the first sexual intercourse,28.2％ replied “always” using contraception in sexual intercourse.The rate of using condoms,oral contraceptives (OCs),and withdrawal among students who had used contraception was 52.0％,31.0％,and 27.2％ respectively.“No preparation for sex” (40.3％),“pleasure decrement” (32.1％),“won't-be-pregnancy in occasional sexual intercourse” (30.2％) were their common excuses for using no contraception.The identified risk factors for unintended pregnancy among students active in premarital sex by multivariate analysis were as follows:having no steady lover [having no steady lover vs having a steady lover:odds ratio (OR),1.875; 95％ confidence interval (CI),1.629-2.158],unaware of the course of conception (unaware vs aware:OR,2.023; 95％ CI,1.811-2.260),considering abortion not endanger women's physical and mental health (no endangerment vs endangerment:OR,2.659; 95％ CI,2.265-3.121),nonuse of contraception (never use vs always use:OR,1.682; 95％ CI,1.295-2.185).Medical students were not less likely to experience an unintended pregnancy than nonmedical students (OR,1.111; 95％ CI,0.906-1.287).The substantial proportion of unintended pregnancy among undergraduates indicates a need for convenient and targeted contraceptive education and services.

The existing doctor-patient communication pattern often falls prey to insufficient informed consent and even medical disputes. In the patient centered perspective, Zhejiang Provincial People′s Hospital explored a new communication mode centering on patients. Based on diagnosis-related groups catalogues and high-frequency surgeries catalogues of the departments, multimedia technology was called into play to produce dubbed PPTs and videos that were easy to understand, standardized and homogeneous, which were embedded into medical records system. Following observation of the PPT or video, patients could directly sign an informed consent on the computer. This practice not only deepens patient′s understanding and achieves homogeneous level of the communication, but also elevates doctor′s work efficiency, contributing to building a harmonious doctor-patient relationship.