PURPOSE: Ninety percent of patients with minor head injury(MHI) who undergo computed tomography (CCT) under current clinical decision rules have normal scans. Serum concentrations of astroglial protein S-100B were recently found to provide useful information in such cases, but there is no clinical data in this country. We have investigated whether S-100B concentrations in alert patients with MHI can serve as an indicator of the need for an initial CCT scan. METHODS: 40 patients with MHI and a control group of 54 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this prospective study. All patients with MHI had a CCT scan to confirm diagnosis, and blood was drawn from all study participants in order to measure S-100B concentrations. Data were analyzed using contingency table and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to determine the diagnostic value of S-100B. RESULTS: Using a concentration cutoff of 0.12 microgram/L, patients with abnormal CCT findings were identified by S-100B measurement with a sensitivity level of 100% and a specificity level of 46%. S-100B concentrations for head injury patients with multiple trauma were increased more than for patients without combined injuries. CONCLUSION: Adding measurement of S-100B concentration to the clinical decision rules for a CCT scan in alert patients with MHI could allow a 46% reduction in scans in our study. However, before S-100B testing can be used clinically, larger domestic trials conforming to all appropriate ethical guidelines need to be conducted in the near future.
Craniocerebral Trauma* ; Diagnosis ; Head ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Multiple Trauma ; Prospective Studies ; ROC Curve ; S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit* ; S100 Proteins ; Sensitivity and Specificity

BACKGROUND: We previously published the data that proved the safety of retrograde cerebral perfusion for 120 minutes. At this time, we planned to check the neuron-specific enolase and S100-beta in serum and urine to assess the possibility of early detection of cerebral injury. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We used pigs(Landrace species) weighing 35 kg and performed RCP for 120 minutes. After the weaning of cardiopulmonary bypass, we observed the pigs for another 120 minutes. Systemic arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and serum and urine levels of neuron-specific enolose (NSE) and S100beta protein were checked. Central venous pressure during RCP was maintained in the range of 20 to 25 mmHg. RESULT: Serum levels of NSE(ng/ml) were 0.67+/-0.18(induction of anesthesia), 0.53+/-0.47(soon after CPB), 0.44+/-0.27(20min after CPB), 0.24+/-0.09(RCP 20min), 0.37+/-0.35(RCP 40min), 0.33+/-0.21(RCP 60min), 0.37+/-0.22(RCP 80min), 0.41+/-0.23(RCP 100 min), 0.48+/-0.26(RCP 120min), 0.42+/-0.29(30min after rewarming), 0.35+/-0.32(60min after rewarming, 0.42+/-0.37(CPBoff 30min), 0.47+/-0.34(CPBoff 60min), 0.47+/-0.28(CPBoff 90min), and 0.57+/-0.29(CPBoff 120min). There was no statistically significant difference in levels between before and after RCP(ANOVA, p>0.05). Urine levels of NSE also showed no statistically significant difference in levels between before and after RCP. There was no correlation between urine and serum levels of NSE(Pearson correlation, p>0.05). Serum levels of S100beta protein(ng/ml) during the same time frames were 0.14+/-0.08, 0.15+/-0.07, 0.22+/-0.15, 0.23+/-0.07, 0.28+/-0.10, 0.40+/-0.05, 0.47+/-0.03, 0.49+/-0.12, 0.43+/-0.11, 0.46+/-0.15, 0.62+/-0.17, 0.77+/-0.21, 0.78+/-0.23, 0.77+/-0.23, and 0.82+/-0.33. There was statistically significant difference in levels between before and after RCP(ANOVA, p<0.05). Urine levels of NSE also showed statistically significant difference in levels between before and after RCP(ANOVA, p<0.05). There was significant correlation between urine and serum levels of NSE(Pearson correlation, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The author observed the increase in serum and urine levels of S100beta after 120 minutes of RCP. Significant correlation between serum and urine levels was observed. The results were considered to be the fundamental data that could correlate this study with human-based study.
Arterial Pressure ; Brain Injuries* ; Brain* ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Central Venous Pressure ; Perfusion* ; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase ; Rewarming ; S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit ; S100 Proteins ; Swine* ; Weaning

<b>OBJECTIVEb>To analyze the dynamic change of serum protein S100b in patients with traumatic brain injury and its clinical value in assessing brain damage.

<b>METHODSb>According to Glasgow coma scale (GCS), 102 cases of traumatic brain injury were divided into mild brain injury group (GCS > or = 13, n = 31, Group A), moderate brain injury group (8 < GCS < 13, n = 37, Group B) and severe brain injury group (GCS < or = 8, n = 34, Group C). Serial S100b concentrations were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in blood samples taken on admission, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 7 days after traumatic brain injury.

<b>RESULTSb>The severe brain injury group showed significantly higher concentration of serum S100b, with earlier increase and longer duration, than the mild and moderate brain injury groups. The patients with higher S100b exhibited lower GCS scores and poor clinical prognosis. The increase in S100b could emerge before clinical image evidence indicated so.

<b>CONCLUSIONSb>Serum S100b can be used as a sensitive index for assessment and prediction of traumatic brain injury severity and prognosis.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Brain Injuries ; blood ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Nerve Growth Factors ; blood ; S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit ; S100 Proteins ; blood

<b>OBJECTIVEb>To explore the role of S100B protein in the early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis judgement of craniocerebral injury.

<b>METHODSb>In this study, we reviewed the domestic and foreign research reports about the relationship between S100B protein and craniocerebral injury.

<b>RESULTSb>The concentration of S100B protein had a different increase based on the degree of injury in early stage after craniocerebral injury, and the increasing degree of S100B protein showed a positive correlation with the grading of pathogenetic condition and prognosis of craniocerebral injury.

<b>CONCLUSIONSb>S100B protein may be taken as a specific index of early diagnosis, grading of pathogenetic condition, and prognosis judgement after craniocerebral injury. To grasp and regulate the mechanism of neurotoxicity and to elucidate the therapeutic effect of S100B protein will be a research direction in clinical treatment of craniocerebral injury.

Craniocerebral Trauma ; cerebrospinal fluid ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Nerve Growth Factors ; cerebrospinal fluid ; Prognosis ; S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit ; S100 Proteins ; cerebrospinal fluid

Alzheimer Disease ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Cytokines ; physiology ; Humans ; Inflammation ; complications ; Interleukin-1 ; physiology ; Nerve Growth Factors ; Risk Factors ; S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit ; S100 Proteins ; physiology

<b>OBJECTIVEb>To study changes of serum S100B protein level in preterm infants with brain damage and its role.

<b>METHODSb>Forty-seven preterm infants were classified into 3 groups based on the results of brain ultrasound and MRI: brain white matter damage (WMD; n=13), brain but not white matter damage (non-WMD; n=14) and control (no brain damage; n=20). Blood samples were collected within 24 hrs, 72 hrs and 7 days after birth. S100B protein level was measured using ELISA.

<b>RESULTSb>Serum levels of S100B in the WMD and non-WMD groups were significantly higher than in the control group within 24 hours, 72 hours and 7 days after birth (P<0.05). More increased serum S100B levels were observed in the WMD group compared with the non-WMD group (P<0.05).

<b>CONCLUSIONSb>Serum S100B protein level increases in preterm infants with brain damage within 7 days after birth, suggesting that it may be used as an early sensitive marker for the diagnosis of brain damage, especially WMD.

Brain ; pathology ; Echoencephalography ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; blood ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Nerve Growth Factors ; blood ; S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit ; S100 Proteins ; blood

OBJECTIVE: Understand the changes before and after treatment in patients with severe OSAHS serum S100β protein, NSE levels and cognitive function. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in patients with severe OSAHS. Serum S100β protein, NSE levels and cognitive function were examined before and after the therapy. METHOD: Select one hundred patients diagnosed as severe OSAHS were included, by polysomnography (PSG) diagnosis of severe OSAHS patients. Determination of serum S100β protein, and NSE levels and theat the same time be MoCA score were checked at after the day after admission, CPAP treatment for the 7th days after CPAP treatment and the 90th day after, comprehensive treatment in these patients for 3 months. Assessment of severe OSAHS patients with serum S100β protein, NSE basic level and MoCA score situation. Comparison of three groups serum S100β protein, NSE levels and MoCA score changes. Serum S100β protein, NSE detection assay (ELISA) method using enzyme-linked immunosorbent. RESULT: (1) Severe OSAHS patients with serum S100β protein, and NSE levels in severe OSAHS patients were positively correlated with AHI, but negatively correlated with lowest oxygen saturation (LSaO2); (2) MoCA score in patients with severe OSAHS was significantly negatively correlated with AHI, but positively correlated with LSaO2; (3) S100β protein, NSE levels were negatively correlated with MoCA score; (4) Compared with admission, serum S100β protein, and NSE levels in these patients have declined after 7 days CPAP therapy, compared with admission the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). After 3 months of comprehensive treatment, patients' serum S100β protein and, NSE levels were significantly decreased, compared with the admission and the 7th days after CPAP treatment. The difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). (5) After CPAP treatment for 7 days, the MoCA scores were slightly higher, but have there was no statistically significant difference compared with the admission (P > 0.05). After 3 months of comprehensive treatment, MoCA score improved significantly, compared with the admission and 7 days after CPAP treatment the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Comprehensive treatment can reduce serum S100β protein, and NSE levels, and improve MoCA score. Disease severity in patients with OSAHS have a correlation some relative.with the serum S100β protein, NSE levels and MoCA score. Long-term hypoxemia and the structure of sleep disorders may be the cause of elevated serum S100β protein, NSE levels elevated and causes of cognitive dysfunction. Comprehensive treatment can improve patient hypoxemia, correct disorders of sleep structure ,and can improve cognitive function and to improve the quality of life of patients.
Cognition Disorders ; blood ; etiology ; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure ; Humans ; Polysomnography ; Quality of Life ; S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit ; blood ; S100 Proteins ; blood ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; blood ; therapy

<b>OBJECTIVEb>This study examined the effect of recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) on the serum levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S-100&beta; protein and myelin basic protein (MBP) in young rats 24 hrs after lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) in order to study the potential role of r-HuEPO in epileptic brain damage.

<b>METHODSb>Forty 19-21-day-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=10): normal control group, SE, r-HuEPO pretreated-SE and r-HuEPO. SE was induced by lithium-pilocarpine. R-HuEPO (500 IU/kg) was intraperitoneally injected in the r-HuEPO pretreated-SE and r-HuEPO groups 4 hrs before SE. Serum levels of NSE, S-100&beta; and MBP were determined 24 hrs after the SE event.

<b>RESULTSb>Serum levels of NSE, S-100&beta; and MBP in the SE group increased significantly compared with those in the normal control and the r-HuEPO groups (P＜0.05). The r-HuEPO pretreated-SE group showed significantly decreased serum levels of NSE, S-100&beta; and MBP compared with the SE group (P＜0.05).

<b>CONCLUSIONSb>r-HuEPO may reduce the expression of NSE, S-100&beta; and MBP and thus might provide an early protective effect against epileptic brain injury.

Animals ; Erythropoietin ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Myelin Basic Protein ; blood ; Nerve Growth Factors ; blood ; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase ; blood ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Recombinant Proteins ; S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit ; S100 Proteins ; blood ; Status Epilepticus ; blood ; drug therapy

OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of S100B and glial tibrillory acidic protein (GFAP) atter primary brainstem injury in rat and discuss the changes with brainstern injury time and their mechanism in the injury. METHODS: The brainstem injury animal model was established using the mechanical impacting method. The HE staining, Gless argentaffin staining and SP immunohistochemical method were applied to observe the changes of S100B and GFAP at different injury time. The immunostaining results were measured statistically with imaging analysis technology. RESULTS: A large number of S100B positive cells could be seen in 30 min. Afterward, expression increased gradually with time and peaked up in 24 h, and reversed back the normal in 72h. The GFAP positive cells showed rise continually in 30 min, and reached the peak in 48 h, then started to decrease, but still higher than that in control. CONCLUSION The expression of S100B and GFAP is correlated with post traumatic intervals after brainstem injury in rat, and may be useful in estimation post traumatic intervals and nerve regeneration.
Animals ; Brain Injuries/metabolism* ; Brain Stem/metabolism* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nerve Growth Factors ; Neuroglia ; Rats ; S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit/metabolism* ; S100 Proteins

<b>OBJECTIVEb>To explore the neuroprotective effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in rat ischemic brain injury.

<b>METHODSb>VIP was administered via intracerebroventricular injection in SD rats prior to focal cerebral ischemia by intraluminal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. The infarct volume was assessed with TTC staining, and immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze the S100beta expression in the cerebral tissue, with the serum concentrations of S100beta detected by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

<b>RESULTSb>After VIP injection, the relative infarct volume in the rats with cerebral ischemia was significantly reduced by 32.3% as compared with the volume in the control group on day 1 (P<0.05), and the number of S100beta-positive cells was significantly decreased in the cerebral tissue (P<0.05). The injection also resulted in significantly decreased serum S100beta concentrations in the rats (P<0.05).

<b>CONCLUSIONb>VIP injection can reduce the infarct volume in rats with focal cerebral ischemia, suggesting the neuroprotective effect of VIP in brain ischemia possibly by reducing S100beta overexpression.

Animals ; Brain Ischemia ; drug therapy ; Cerebral Infarction ; prevention & control ; Nerve Growth Factors ; blood ; Neuroprotective Agents ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit ; S100 Proteins ; blood ; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide ; pharmacology