Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Paraganglioma ; classification ; metabolism ; pathology ; S100 Proteins ; analysis

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumors (GNET), and to describe their clinical, histological, immunophenotypic, ultrastructural, and molecular features, diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Methods: Three cases of malignant GNET were collected at Xijing Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, from 2013 to 2022. All patients underwent surgical resection of the tumor. Histological, immunohistochemical (IHC), ultrastructural and molecular genetic analyses were performed, and the patients were followed up for six months, three years and five years. Results: There were two males and one female patients. The tumors were located in the ileum, descending colon, and rectum, respectively. Grossly, the tumors were solid, firm, and poorly circumscribed, measured in size from 2 to 4 cm in greatest dimension, and had a greyish-white cut surface. These tumors were histologically characterized by a sheet-like or nested population of oval to spindled cells or epithelioid cells with weakly eosinophilic or clear cytoplasm, small nucleoli and scattered mitoses. Electron microscopy showed neuroendocrine differentiation, and no evidence of melanogenesis. IHC staining showed that the tumor cells were diffusely positive for S-100 protein, SOX10, CD56, synaptophysin and vimentin. They were negative for melanocytic markers, HMB45 and Melan A. All three cases showed split EWSR1 signals consistent with a chromosomal translocation involving EWSR1. Next-generation sequencing in one case confirmed the presence of EWSR1-ATF1 fusion. These patients were followed up for 6 months, 3 years and 5 years, respectively, and all of them developed possible lung or liver metastases, and one of them died of multiple pulmonary metastases. Conclusion: Malignant GNET has distinctive morphological, IHC, and molecular genetic features and it should be differentiated from other malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract, especially clear cell sarcoma and melanoma.
Male ; Humans ; Female ; Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis* ; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/pathology* ; S100 Proteins/analysis* ; Melanoma

A series of five endodermal sinus tumors was studied for their cytoskeletal and other phenotypic markers. They included 2 ovarian, 2 testicular, and 1 inguinal tumors. The cytoskeletal expression was also studied by gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Every tumor was diffusely and strongly immunostained for cytokeratin. By SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting, cytokeratins 8 & 18 were detected. Vimentin was focally coexpressed in 4 cases. The stroma was diffusely immunostained for vimentin. None of them expressed desmin, neurofilament, or glial filament protein. Desmoplakin was expressed only in one ovarian tumor. Alpha-fetoprotein and S-100 protein were also diffusely positive among the neoplastic cells; intracytoplasmic globules were especially strongly immunostained. These findings suggest that endodermal sinus tumors represent a group of pure malignant epithelial neoplasms, and may be regarded as primitive carcinomas.
Adult ; Child, Preschool ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/*analysis ; Desmoplakins ; Endodermal Sinus Tumor/*immunology ; Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Immunophenotyping ; Infant ; Male ; S100 Proteins/*analysis ; alpha-Fetoproteins/*analysis

OBJECTIVETo explore the clinicopathologic features, immunophenotype, differential diagnosis and gene mutation status of the Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD).

METHODSClinical and pathologic findings of 3 ECD cases were examined by gross, microscopic, immunohistochemical methods and BRAF V600E mutation. Related literatures were reviewed.

RESULTSTwo male patients and one female patient presented clinically with multiple skin nodules, bone pain and bony lesions by imaging study. Microscopically, the lesions were composed of spindle-shaped fibroblasts, foamy histiocytes and scattered Touton-type giant cells embedded in reactive fibrous tissue. Lymphocytes, plasma cells, and multinucleated giant cells were also found. Immunohistochemically, all histiocytes were positive for CD68, none of which expressed CD1a, although 2 cases focally expressed weak S-100 stain. In 2 cases,BRAF V600E mutation was detected.

CONCLUSIONSECD is a rare disease of xanthogranulomatous histiocytosis.Its diagnosis relies on pathological and immunohistochemical findings, but correlation with clinical information, especially radiographic findings should be performed.No effective treatment of the disease is currently available.

Antigens, CD ; analysis ; Antigens, CD1 ; analysis ; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic ; analysis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Erdheim-Chester Disease ; genetics ; immunology ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mutation ; S100 Proteins ; analysis ; Treatment Outcome

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common non-epithelial neoplasm arising in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation among the clinicopathologic features, presence of c-kit mutation, and immunohistochemical expression of c-kit in 61 cases of GISTs. METHODS: We divided the GISTs into three groups as benign, boderline and malignant, according to histologic grade. Exon 11 of the c-kit was amplified by PCR and sequenced. We performed immunohistochemical study for CD117, CD34, vimentin, SMA, desmin, and S-100 protein. RESULTS: Twenty-one cases were diagnosed as benign GISTs, 14 cases as borderline GISTs, and 26 cases as malignant GISTs. The shape, atypia, cellularity, and necrosis showed good correlations with the histologic grades of the GISTs.Mutations of exon 11 of the c-kit were detected in 3 benign GISTs, 4 borderline GISTs, and 13(%) malignant GISTs. Sequence analysis confirmed the deletion mutation (n=16) and the singlebase pair mutation (n=4). The immunohistochemical stainings showed myogenic differentiation(n=20), neurogenic differentiation (n=15), and neither myogenic or neurogenic differentiation(n=34). CONCLUSIONS: The GIST is the primitive mesenchymal tumor capable of divergent differentiation, and the mutation of the c-kit is a good parameter for the malignant GIST.
Desmin ; Exons ; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors* ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Immunohistochemistry ; Necrosis ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; S100 Proteins ; Sequence Analysis ; Sequence Deletion ; Vimentin

Peripheral nerve sheath tumors rarely occur in the oral cavity and include neurofibroma, schwannoma, and palisaded encapsulated neuroma. We report a rare case of benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the tongue. This tumor was a 0.8 x 0.5 cm sized, firm mass on the left lateral surface of the tongue. Histologically, this mass was composed of well- circumscribed variable sized nodules, which consisted of moderately cellular spindle cells with vague nuclear palisading and a small amount of fibrous tissue. Most of the tumor cells were strongly positive for S-100 protein, but negative for epithelial membrane antigen on immunohistochemistry. No axons were found by immunostaining for neurofilament and Bodian stains. In addition, the surrounding, compressed, fibrous tissue showed rare EMA- positive cells. The present case might be a rare case of neurofibroma arising in the tongue, although immunohistochemical and special stains did not support such a diagnosis.
Adult ; Case Report ; Female ; Human ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nerve Sheath Tumors/chemistry/diagnosis/*pathology ; S100 Proteins/analysis ; Tongue Neoplasms/chemistry/diagnosis/*pathology

Although it is becoming widely accepted that medulloblastoma and cerebral primitive neuroectodermal tumor(PNET) are identical tumors occurring at different locations, there are some controversies in their orgin and pathological classification. As a method of investigating whether the tumors are identical in pathological aspects, immunohistochemical characteristics of medulloblastomas and cerebral PNETs were compared in this study. Also the prognostic significance of the immunohistochemical findings in medulloblastoma patients was analyzed. Clinical features of twenty-seven patients with medulloblastoma and eleven patients with cerebral PNET were reviewed, excluding tumors with significant cellular differentiation such as ependymoblastoma, pineoblastoma and neuroblastoma. The presence of glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP), neurofilament(NF), S-100 protein, vimentin, synaptophysin, and epithelial membrane antigen(EMA) was examined with immunohistochemical method and the differences of the results between the two tumors were statistically analyzed. The positive rates of NF and synaptophysin were significantly higher in medulloblastomas(p=0.006 and 0.003, respectively) and so was the positive rate of vimentin in cerebral PNET's(p=0.004). S-100 protein showed a higher positive rate in cerebral PNETs althought it was not statistically significant. Univariate and multivariate analyses did not show any significant correlation between the duration of survival and the presence of cellular antigens.
Classification ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Medulloblastoma ; Membranes ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neural Plate ; Neuroblastoma ; Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive* ; Pinealoma ; S100 Proteins ; Synaptophysin ; Vimentin

OBJECTIVEPresent study aimed at further comprehensive functional, histomorphometrical and immunohistochemical assessment of peripheral nerve regeneration using rat sciatic nerve transection model.

METHODSThe 10-mm rat sciatic nerve gap was created in rats. In control group nerve stumps were sutured to adjacent muscle and in treatment group the gap was bridged using an inside-out vein graft. In sham-operated group the nerve was manipulated and left intact. All animals underwent walking track analysis test 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery. Subsequently, muscle mass measurement was performed to assess reenervation, histological examination to observe the sciatic nerve regeneration morphologically and immunohistochemistry to detect Schwann cells using anti S-100. Results were analyzed using a factorial ANOVA with two between-subjects factors. Bonferroni test for pairwise comparisons was used to examine the effect of treatments.

RESULTSFunctional analysis of myelinated nerve fibers showed that nerve function improved significantly in the time course in treatment group. However, quantitative morphometrical analysis of myelinated nerve fibers showed that there was no significant difference between 8 and 12 weeks in treatment group. Muscle weight ratio was bigger and weight loss of the gastrocnemius muscle was ameliorated by inside-out vein grafting. The position of positive immunohistochemical reactions further implied that regenerated axons and Schwann cell-like cells existed after vein grafting was performed, and was accompanied by the process of myelination and structural recovery of regenerated nerves.

CONCLUSIONFunctional analysis of peripheral nerve repair is far more reliable than quantitative morphometrical analysis.

Animals ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Nerve Regeneration ; Rats ; Recovery of Function ; S100 Proteins ; analysis ; Sciatic Nerve ; physiology ; surgery ; Veins ; transplantation

OBJECTIVEA comparative proteomic approach was used to identify and analyze proteins relevant to metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODSProteins extracted from 12 liver tumor tissue specimens (6 with metastases and 6 without) were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Comparative analyses of 2-DE protein patterns between the two groups were done using computerized image analysis. Selected proteins exhibiting statistically significant alternations were identified by mass spectrometry. Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and RT-PCR were performed to examine the expressions of the candidate proteins.

RESULTS16 proteins including HSP27, S100A11, CK18 were identified using mass spectrometry, which were related to cell mobility, signal transduction, and energy metabolism respectively. Of these, HSP27 was found to be uniquely over-expressed in 2-DE maps of all metastatic HCCs when compared to the non-metastatic HCC tissues. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting of HCC tissues confirmed this difference while RT-PCR did not.

CONCLUSIONThere are different proteins working together that affect the metastasis of HCCs. The overexpression of HSP27 may serve as a biomarker for early detection and therapeutic targets to the metastatic phenotype of HCC. The role of HSP27 in HCC metastasis warrants further investigation.

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; chemistry ; pathology ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins ; Heat-Shock Proteins ; analysis ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; chemistry ; pathology ; Mass Spectrometry ; Neoplasm Proteins ; analysis ; Proteome ; analysis ; S100 Proteins ; analysis

Dendritic Cells ; immunology ; Granzymes ; Humans ; Immune Tolerance ; Killer Cells, Natural ; immunology ; Multivariate Analysis ; S100 Proteins ; analysis ; Serine Endopeptidases ; analysis ; Stomach Neoplasms ; immunology ; pathology ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic ; immunology