Obesity ; Overweight ; Body Mass Index ; Child

Worldwide, non-communicable diseases (NCD) represent 43% of the burden of disease and are expected to be responsible for 60% of the disease burden and 73% of all deaths by 2020.Obesity in children and adolescents is gradually becoming a major public health problem in many developing countries, including India. The present study was undertaken to identify the prevalence of childhood overweight /obesity and to find the relationship between BMI and waist circumference of the children. Eleven schools were selected randomly from Udupi district of Karnataka state, India. A school based survey was carried out among 2938 school children in the age group of 10 – 16 years. On the day of survey, the purpose of the study was explained. The demographic proforma was administered and standard procedures were followed to assess the anthropometric measurements. Result showed that 7% of children were overweight and 5% were obese. The Pearson Correlation computed between BMI and waist circumference showed a positive ( r = 0.763, p =<0.0001) relationship between BMI and waist circumference. The study concluded that childhood obesity prevalence is increasing among children. Higher BMI was found among children in the age of 10 – 12 years and among girls than the boys. The gender difference in BMI could be due to sedentary lifestyles of girls. As the BMI of children increases the waist circumference also increases.
Obesity ; Prevalence ; Child ; India

The study is to investigate the foot care practices among filarial lymphoedema patients, which is relevant to strengthen the second pillar of the Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (PELF). The patients are drawn randomly from a clinic as well as from the community. After getting verbal consent, each patient was subjected to an in-depth interview by using a structured questionnaire on how she/he dealt with lymphoedema and probed about various foot care practices. Of the six foot care measures, most of the patients are practising one or two measures only. Substantial numbers of patients are practising the washing the affected limb regularly. Though majority use normal footwear, none of the patients use specially made footwear. Other foot care practices like, massaging, elevation and exercising of affected, limb and use of bandage are practised by a few patients. The patients' education and lymphoedema grade had significant influence on number of foot care practices adopted. The present results are not surprising, but disappointing, as a few patients are practising the measures specifically aimed to ameliorate the lymphoedema condition. Though the present study area is covered by the mass drug administration under PELF, no serious attempts are made to alleviate disability and morbidity control. Appropriate care of affected limb at early stage can help in prevention or reversal of the progression of the disease, in addition to decrease in frequency of acute lymphangitis attacks. PELF is one of the functions of primary healthcare (PHC) system and hence, peripheral level health institutions of PHC system including primary health centres, health sub-centres and their health workers should take lead in encouraging the patients to modify their behaviour with foot care practices.
Pes ; Lymphedema ; Health ; Extremities ; Surveys

Animals ; Attitude to Health ; Food Parasitology ; Humans ; Neurocysticercosis ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Taenia solium

Variant anatomy of muscles and veins of the neck is of importance to plastic surgeons, radiologists and general surgeons. We report the variations of sternocleidomastoid muscle and veins of the neck in the present article. Right sternocleidomastoid muscle had three heads of origin. The third head took its origin from the clavicle just lateral to the usual clavicular head. All the three heads were about 4 inches long and united with each other at the level of thyroid cartilage. There was no external jugular vein on the right side. The retromandibular vein united with facial vein to form common facial vein. Common facial vein joined with superior thyroid and lingual veins to form a thyrolinguo-facial trunk one inch below the angle of mandible. This trunk was about 2 inches long and terminated into the internal jugular vein. Knowledge of this case could be useful while raising a sternocleidomastoid flap, administering anesthesia to brachial plexus, neck surgeries and carotid endarterectomy.
Neck Muscles

Knowledge of communication between parietal abdominal veins, testicular vein and mesenteric veins is important for Surgeons, Urologists and Radiologists. These communications can result in varicocele or hemorrhoids and may lead to low success rate in hemorrhoid and varicocele surgeries. During routine dissection classes, we observed an unusual large venous plexus on the left psoas major muscle. The venous plexus was unilateral and was formed by many anastomotic venous channels on the psoas fascia and communicated with the left testicular and inferior mesenteric veins. The testicular and inferior mesenteric veins were significantly enlarged below the level of communication with the venous plexus.
Mesenteric Veins

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that human visual illusion can contribute to sub-endocardial dark rim artifact in contrast-enhanced myocardial perfusion magnetic resonance images.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Numerical phantoms were generated to simulate the first-passage of contrast agent in the heart, and rendered in conventional gray scale as well as in color scale with reduced luminance variation. Cardiac perfusion images were acquired from two healthy volunteers, and were displayed by the same gray and color scales used in the numerical study. Before and after k-space windowing, the left ventricle (LV)-myocardium boarders were analyzed visually and quantitatively through intensity profiles perpendicular the boarders.RESULTS: k-space windowing yielded monotonically decreasing signal intensity near the LV-myocardium boarder in the phantom images, as confirmed by negative finite difference values near the board ranging −1.07 to −0.14. However, the dark band still appears, which is perceived by visual illusion. Dark rim is perceived in the in-vivo images after k-space windowing that removed the quantitative signal dip, suggesting that the perceived dark rim is a visual illusion. The perceived dark rim is stronger at peak LV enhancement than the peak myocardial enhancement, due to the larger intensity difference between LV and myocardium. In both numerical phantom and in-vivo images, the illusory dark band is not visible in the color map due to reduced luminance variation.CONCLUSION: Visual illusion is another potential cause of dark rim artifact in contrast-enhanced myocardial perfusion MRI as demonstrated by illusory rim perceived in the absence of quantitative intensity undershoot.

Facial vein is the main vein of the face. Though its origin is constant, it frequently shows variations in its termination. We report a rare type of variation of facial vein. The right facial vein coursed transversely across the masseter, superficial to the parotid duct and entered into the substance of the parotid gland, at its anterior border. Deep dissection of the gland revealed the abnormal termination of facial vein into the superficial temporal vein. The transverse facial vein drained into the facial vein. The superficial temporal vein after receiving the facial vein continued as retromandibular vein. Knowledge of this anomalous course and termination of facial vein may be important for the surgeons doing parotid, maxillofacial and plastic surgeries.

Knowledge of anatomic variants of veins in the arm and axilla play a key role in planning of successful venous access. Possible anatomic variants of axillary vein, brachial vein and basilic vein and their clinical implications have been well described in the literature. We report a rare case of formation of a short axillary vein associated with complex venous communications between the basilic and brachial veins forming a venous ladder in the axilla, in formalin embalmed male cadaver. Axillary vein was formed in the upper part of the axilla by the fusion of basilic vein and unpaired brachial vein, and it was about 3cm in length. The higher-up confluence of basilic and brachial veins was also associated with presence of three communicating veins between the basilic and brachial veins in the axilla. Knowledge of reported venous variations is very useful during preoperative venous mapping and also for planning and execution of various surgical invasive procedures involving these veins.
Axillary Vein

No abstract available.
Colorectal Neoplasms*