Background: While online orthopedic resources are becoming an increasingly popular avenue for patient education, videos on YouTube are not subject to peer review. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the quality of YouTube videos for patient education in ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries of the elbow. Methods: A search of keywords for UCL injury was conducted through the YouTube search engine. Each video was categorized by source and content. Video quality, reliability, and accuracy were assessed by two independent raters using five metrics: (1) Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria (range 0–4) for video reliability; (2) modified DISCERN score (range 1–5) for video reliability; (3) Global Quality Score (GQS; range 1–5) for video quality; (4) ulnar collateral ligament-specific score (UCL-SS; range 0–16), a novel score for comprehensiveness of health information presented; and (5) accuracy score (AS; range 1–3) for accuracy. Results: Video content was comprised predominantly of disease-specific information (52%) and surgical technique (33%). The most common video sources were physician (42%) and commercial (23%). The mean JAMA score, modified DISCERN score, GQS, UCL-SS, and AS were 1.8, 2.4, 1.9, 5.3, and 2.7 respectively. Conclusions Overall, YouTube is not a reliable or high-quality source for patients seeking information regarding UCL injuries, especially with videos uploaded by non-physician sources. The multiplicity of low quality, low reliability, and irrelevant videos can create a cumbersome and even inaccurate learning experience for patients.

With the advent of modern surgical techniques, paediatric cataract has become much more manageable. Intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is the standard of care for patients over the age of 2 years. The use of IOL in young infants is still controversial. In addition, there are still unresolved issues, such as the minimum age at which IOL can be safely implanted, IOL power selection and IOL power calculation. The current trends in the management of the above challenges are discussed. Although numerous reports on the prevention and management of posterior capsule opacification have been published, there are ongoing intensive debates and research. Long-term postoperative complications like glaucoma and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment are problems that cannot be overemphasised and these issues are also reviewed.
Cataract ; congenital ; Cataract Extraction ; adverse effects ; methods ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Lens Implantation, Intraocular ; adverse effects ; methods ; Lenses, Intraocular ; Postoperative Complications ; prevention & control ; Refraction, Ocular

Objective To systematically review the research progress of sensory integration therapy in the rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy. Methods The literatures related to the application of sensory integration therapy in the rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy was retrieved from Web of Sciences, PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang data, and VIP databases until November 27, 2021, using subject search. And the contents of the literatures were extracted to review the implementation plan of sensory integration therapy and the effectiveness of its application in the rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy. Results Six literatures were included. The main focus was on the research of sensory integration therapy on postural control, gross motor function, intelligence level and cognitive function, and treatment modalities in children with cerebral palsy. Conclusion Sensory integration therapy is effective on motor function, posture control and intelligence in children with cerebral palsy. To maximize the effect of sensory integration therapy, a suitable rehabilitation treatment plan should be formulated according to the degree of sensory integration disorder and the age, gender and tolerance of children.

INTRODUCTION: Dengue continues to be a major health concern in the Philippines. This study aimed to establish trends and correlations between the incidence of dengue and rainfall, humidity and temperature, respectively, in the different regions. METHODS: Using 2018 records obtained from DOH and PAGASA, correlations were made between monthly measurements of climatic factors and the incidence of dengue using Pearson’s r, while maps and interpolations were generated using quantum geographical information system software. RESULTS: There was a significant positive but weak correlation between the incidence of dengue and rainfall (r = 0.379, 95% CI 0.255, 0.491; p < 0.001) and humidity (r = 0.215, 95% CI 0.080, 0.342; p = 0.002). There was a significant negative but weak correlation between the incidence of dengue and temperature (r = -0.145, 95% CI -0.277, -0.008; p = 0.039). A strong positive correlation was noted between the incidence of dengue, and rainfall and humidity, respectively, in several regions. Multiple regression indicates that rainfall, humidity and temperature are poor predictors of the incidence of dengue (R2 = 0.1436, 0.0461 and 0.0209, respectively). CONCLUSION This study showed overall a significant but weak correlation between an increased incidence of dengue and heavy rainfalls and high relative humidity, and a weak negative correlation for temperature. A high positive correlation of an increased incidence of dengue and heavy rainfalls and high relative humidity was observed in several regions.
Dengue ; humidity ; temperature

A preliminary study into the protective mechanisms of adaptive immunity against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in piglets (n = 9) born to a gilt challenged intranasally with a type-2 PRRSV. Immune parameters (neutralizing antibodies, CD3⁺CD4⁺, CD3⁺CD8⁺, CD3⁺CD4⁺CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes, and PRRSV-specific interferon (IFN)-γ secreting T-lymphocytes) were compared with infection parameters (macro- and microscopic lung lesion, and PRRSV-infected porcine alveolar macrophages (CD172α⁺PRRSV-N⁺ PAM) as well as with plasma and lymphoid tissue viral loads. Percentages of three T-lymphocyte phenotypes in 14-days post-birth (dpb) peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) had significant negative correlations with percentages of CD172α⁺PRRSV-N⁺ PAM (p < 0.05) as well as with macroscopic lung lesion (p < 0.01). Plasma and tissue viral loads had significant (p < 0.05) negative correlations with CD3⁺CD4⁺CD8⁺ T-lymphocyte percentage in PBMC. Frequencies of CD3⁺CD8⁺ and CD3⁺CD4⁺ T-lymphocytes in 14-dpb PBMC had significant negative correlations with of lymph node (p = 0.04) and lung (p = 0.002) viral loads. IFN-γ-secreting T-lymphocytes frequency had a significant negative correlation with gross lung lesion severity (p = 0.002). However, neutralizing antibody titers had no significant negative correlation (p > 0.1) with infection parameters. The results indicate that T-lymphocytes contribute to controlling PRRSV replication in young piglets born after in-utero infection.

A preliminary study into the protective mechanisms of adaptive immunity against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in piglets (n = 9) born to a gilt challenged intranasally with a type-2 PRRSV. Immune parameters (neutralizing antibodies, CD3⁺CD4⁺, CD3⁺CD8⁺, CD3⁺CD4⁺CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes, and PRRSV-specific interferon (IFN)-γ secreting T-lymphocytes) were compared with infection parameters (macro- and microscopic lung lesion, and PRRSV-infected porcine alveolar macrophages (CD172α⁺PRRSV-N⁺ PAM) as well as with plasma and lymphoid tissue viral loads. Percentages of three T-lymphocyte phenotypes in 14-days post-birth (dpb) peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) had significant negative correlations with percentages of CD172α⁺PRRSV-N⁺ PAM (p < 0.05) as well as with macroscopic lung lesion (p < 0.01). Plasma and tissue viral loads had significant (p < 0.05) negative correlations with CD3⁺CD4⁺CD8⁺ T-lymphocyte percentage in PBMC. Frequencies of CD3⁺CD8⁺ and CD3⁺CD4⁺ T-lymphocytes in 14-dpb PBMC had significant negative correlations with of lymph node (p = 0.04) and lung (p = 0.002) viral loads. IFN-γ-secreting T-lymphocytes frequency had a significant negative correlation with gross lung lesion severity (p = 0.002). However, neutralizing antibody titers had no significant negative correlation (p > 0.1) with infection parameters. The results indicate that T-lymphocytes contribute to controlling PRRSV replication in young piglets born after in-utero infection.
Adaptive Immunity ; Antibodies ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Interferons ; Lung ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphoid Tissue ; Macrophages, Alveolar ; Phenotype ; Plasma ; Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome ; Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus ; T-Lymphocytes ; Viral Load

Background: One of the causes of inflammatory arthritis is excessive production of uric acid or hyperuricemia. It is a painful disease that is treated with a commercial xanthine oxidase inhibitor to decrease uric acid synthesis. However, the treatment is associated with adverse side effects and thus, there is interest in medicinal plants that could have similar therapeutic effects with minimal side effects. There are many reported indigenous plants and trees in the Philippines that are reported to have therapeutic and bioactive compounds. One such plant is Canarium ovatum or locally called pili. This study aimed to determine the antihyperuricemic activity of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of C. ovatum. Objective: Determine the antihyperuricemic activity of the crude ethanolic extract of C. ovatum leaves and its partially purified fractions through inhibition of xanthine oxidase and its effect on the blood uric acid level of oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice. Methodology: The crude ethanol extract from C. ovatum leaves and its partially purified fractions obtained through column chromatography were tested for their in vitro xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity by measuring spectrophotometrically the uric acid formation from xanthine as the substrate. The crude ethanol extract and the fraction with the most XO inhibitory activity were then tested for their in vivo XO inhibitory activity in oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice by measuring their blood uric acid levels using uric acid test strips. Results: The crude ethanolic extract of C. ovatum leaves at 100ppm showed 83.62±2.05% in vitro inhibition of XO while the most active fraction showed 80.30±4.00% inhibition. Both were comparable (p>0.05) to the positive control, allopurinol, which showed 91.47±5.64% inhibition. In vivo, the crude extract and the fraction that showed the highest XO inhibitory activity at 200 mg/kg significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.05) respectively reduced the serum uric acid levels of the hyperuricemic mice one hour after induction as compared to the negative control. Moreover, their antihyperuricemic activity were not statistically significant as compared to that of allopurinol (p<0.0001). Conclusion The crude ethanolic extract of C. ovatum leaves and its most active fraction showed statistically significant in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibition and in vivo antihyperuricemic activity. The activities shown by both crude and active fraction were not statistically different from that determined for allopurinol. Therefore, further studies can be conducted to isolate the most active compound and study its pharmacokinetic properties.
Xanthine Oxidase ; Uric Acid ; Allopurinol

[摘 要] 目的：探讨精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸（RGD）修饰对肿瘤抑素19肽（T-19）抗肝癌活性的影响，比较分析T-19及RGD修饰的T-19（RGD-T-19）对肝癌SK-Hep-1细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移能力的影响。方法：用Fmoc固相法合成T-19及RGD-T-19，用高效液相色谱仪和质谱进行分离、鉴定。常规培养SK-Hep-1细胞，用0、50、100、150、200、250 mg/mL的T-19及RGD-T-19分别处理细胞，分为0 mg/mL（对照）组、50 mg/mL组、100 mg/mL组、150 mg/mL组、200 mg/mL组、250 mg/mL组。CCK-8法、克隆形成实验、划痕愈合实验和Tanswell小室实验、WB法和qPCR法分别检测SK-Hep-1细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭能力，以及环氧合酶-2（COX-2）、基质金属蛋白酶-2（MMP-2）、MMP-9、组织基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1（TIMP-1）、TIMP-2蛋白和MMP-1、MMP-2 mRNA的表达。结果：经质谱鉴定，用Fmoc固相法合成的T-19及RGD-T-19纯度高。T-19和RGD-T-19均能显著抑制SK-Hep-1细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭能力，抑制COX-2蛋白、MMP-2和MMP-9蛋白及mRNA的表达、促进TIMP-1、TIMP-2蛋白的表达（P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001），RGD-T-19的抑制或促进效应均明显强于T-19（均P < 0.05）。结论：利用Fmoc固相法合成了纯度高、活性好的T-19及RGD-T-19，两种肽均能抑制SK-Hep-1细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移能力，RGD-T-19作用明显强于T-19。

With the progress of gene detection technology and the speed-up in new drug development, biological target therapy has fully covered the first-line treatment of advanced NSCLC. Immunotherapy has significantly improved the survival of advanced NSCLC patients with negative driven genes, and the median OS reaches about 2 years (15.6-30 months). EGFR is the most common driven gene. According to different EGFR mutation subtypes (L858R or 19del), different treatment mode (EGFR-TKI single drug, TKI combined with anti-vascular drugs and TKI combined with chemotherapy) is selected as the first-line treatment, which has become a consensus. Depending on the data of median PFS, the treatment efficacy against rare targets is more prominent, which has exceeded the efficacy of standard chemotherap:ALK (alectinib, PFS=34.8 months), ROS1 (ceritinib, PFS=19.3 months), RET (selpercatinib, PFS=18.4 months), BRAF (dabrafenib plus trametinib, PFS=14.6 months), NTRK (larotrectinib, PFS≥12 months) and MET (savolitinib, PFS=9.7 months). In conclusion, the first-line treatment of advanced NSCLC has entered the era of“precision-targeted treatment”based on different molecular typing, and it has become a consensus that high-throughput sequencing is required for newly diagnosed patients.

The outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients significantly differs between western and eastern population centers. Our group previously developed and validated the Chinese University Prognostic Index (CUPI) for the prognostication of HCC among the Asian HCC patient population. In the current study, we aimed to validate the CUPI using an international cohort of patients with HCC and to compare the CUPI to two widely used staging systems, the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) classification and the Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP). To accomplish this goal, two cohorts of patients were enrolled in the United Kingdom (UK; n = 567; 2006-2011) and Hong Kong (HK; n = 517; 2007-2012). The baseline clinical data were recorded. The performances of the CUPI, BCLC, and CLIP were compared in terms of a concordance index (C-index) and were evaluated in subgroups of patients according to treatment intent. The results revealed that the median follow-up durations of the UK and HK cohorts were 27.9 and 29.8 months, respectively. The median overall survival of the UK and HK cohorts were 22.9 and 8.6 months, respectively. The CUPI stratified the patients in both cohorts into three risk subgroups corresponding to distinct outcomes. The median overall survival of the CUPI low-, intermediate-, and high-risk subgroups were 3.15, 1.24, and 0.29 years, respectively, in the UK cohort and were 2.07, 0.32, and 0.10 years, respectively, in the HK cohort. For the patients who underwent curative treatment, the prognostic performance did not differ between the three staging systems, and all were suboptimal. For those who underwent palliative treatment, the CUPI displayed the highest C-index, indicating that this staging system was the most informative for both cohorts. In conclusion, the CUPI is applicable to both western and eastern HCC patient populations. The performances of the three staging systems differed according to treatment intent, and the CUPI was demonstrated to be optimal for those undergoing palliative treatment. A more precise staging system for early-stage disease patients is required.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Hong Kong ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis ; United Kingdom