Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of community health worker (CHW) training on recognition and satisfaction regarding the performance of CHWs among members of the community in Amazonas, Brazil, which is a resource-poor area underserved with regard to medical health-care accessibility.
Methods: Baseline and endline surveys concerning recognition and satisfaction with respect to CHW performance among members of the community were conducted by interview using a questionnaire before and after implementation of a program to strengthen community health projects in Manicoré, Amazonas, Brazil. One of the components of the project was CHW refresher training, which focused on facilitating adequate use of health-care services and providing primary health care, including health guidance. The baseline survey was performed in February 2004 at the beginning of the project, and the endline survey was performed in February 2006 at the end of the project. There were 82 and 120 CHWs working in Manicoré at the times of the baseline and endline surveys, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the significance of changes in experience with CHW activities, expected functions of CHWs, and satisfaction regarding the performance of CHWs between the baseline and endline surveys. In addition, qualitative analysis was conducted to evaluate the acceptability, feasibility, and sustainability of CHW refresher training.
Results: Overall recognition and level of satisfaction regarding CHW performance among members of the community were improved from the baseline to the endline survey, regardless of type of residential area, such as town and/or remote area. Members of the community came to not expect CHWs to “provide strong medicine” (P < 0.001) and “provide injections” (P < 0.001), and came to appreciate “go to hospital with a sick person” (P = 0.031) as a function and role of CHWs.
Conclusions: The results of the present study indicated that steady approaches to motivate and support CHWs in resource-limited settings could improve performance of CHWs and satisfaction of people in the community regarding the activities of CHWs to sustain their health.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of community health worker (CHW) training on recognition and satisfaction regarding the performance of CHWs among members of the community in Amazonas, Brazil, which is a resource-poor area underserved with regard to medical health care accessibility.
Methods: Baseline and endline surveys concerning recognition and satisfaction with respect to CHW performance among members of the community were conducted by interview using a questionnaire before and after implementation of a program to strengthen community health projects in Manicore, Amazonas, Brazil. One of the components of the project was CHW refresher training, which focused on facilitating adequate use of health-care services and providing primary health care, including health guidance. The baseline survey was performed in February 2004 at the beginning of the project, and the endline survey was performed in February 2006 at the end of the project. There were 82 and 120 CHWs working in Manicore at the times of the baseline and endline surveys, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the significance of changes in experience with CHW activities, expected functions of CHWs, and satisfaction regarding the performance of CHWs between the baseline and endline surveys. In addition, qualitative analysis was conducted to evaluate the acceptability, feasibility, and sustainability of CHW refresher training.
Results: Overall recognition and level of satisfaction regarding CHW performance among members of the community were improved from the baseline to the endline survey, regardless of type of residential area, such as town and/or remote area. Members of the community came to not expect CHWs to “provide strong medicine” (P < 0.001) and “provide injections” (P < 0.001), and came to appreciate “go to hospital with a sick person” (P = 0.031) as a function and role of CHWs.
Conclusions: The results of the present study indicated that steady approaches to motivate and support CHWs in resource-limited settings could improve performance of CHWs and satisfaction of people in the community regarding the activities of CHWs to sustain their health.

Objective: An accidental fire that occurred in a hillside residential area in the city of Nagasaki was evaluated to assess the challenges faced by communities located on sloped terrains and to develop community-based support systems applicable to such hillside residential areas.Methods: Community observations and key-informant interviews were performed in the area affected by the fire. A self-administered questionnaire survey was also conducted among residents of the affected area. Information obtained through community observations of the fire-struck area and key-informant interviews was analyzed and assessed using a two-dimensional (2D) framework.Results: According to community observations and key-informant interviews, initial firefighting efforts were delayed due to lack of preparedness, in addition to geographic factors such as narrow roads and outdoor staircases, which allowed the fire to spread. The livelihood and health support measures for elderly residents requiring evacuation assistance were also insufficient. A hospital neighboring the area affected by the fire accident voluntarily provided some services to evacuees, but support from other nearby organizations/institutions was either not available or not offered. According to the questionnaire answers, elderly residents had little knowledge of the location and proper use of fire hydrants in their area. In addition, 65% of the respondents had never participated in disaster training exercises. From these results, the following three points could be determined: 1) The geographic features of the hillside residential area enhanced the spread of the fire. 2) The multi-sector support systems for evacuees were inadequate, collaboration among the existing systems was insufficient, and the roles of those systems were not fully clarified in advance. 3) Elderly residents in the hillside residential area did not have sufficient the knowledge and/or ability to engage in fire prevention activities and had inadequate firefighting skills.Conclusions: It is important to improve disaster preparedness knowledge and training for local residents on ordinary times. Additionally, cross-sector collaborative disaster response, harmonious management, and support systems must be ensured and sustained before, during, and after disasters.

Objective: Participation in social activities is associated with physical and psychological health in the community-dwelling elderly population. We examined the two factors of social relations and community health resources, associated with higher self-rated health levels in the community-dwelling elderly.Methods: A total of 145 community-dwelling elderly people ≥ 65 years old from two neighborhood associations in Nagasaki City were recruited for this study, representing 85% of the officially registered ≥ 65-year-old population in the target area. Face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire were conducted by trained interviewers in August 2009, with questions related to sociodemographic characteristics, social relationships, and self-rated health (SRH). Community health resources (type and walking distance from home) were evaluated by one of the authors as a community assessment.Results: Seventy-eight community-dwelling elderly people (25 men and 53 women) participated in the study. Elderly people who reported going out every day were more likely to show higher SRH scores (excellent/good) than those going out less often (OR: 3.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0, 14.2; P = 0.056). The numbers of interactions with friends in higher and lower SRH groups were 6.5 ± 8.4 (mean ± standard deviation) and 2.4 ± 1.1 (P = 0.01, Mann-Whitney U test), respectively. The numbers of relatives talking on the phone in higher and lower SRH groups were 2.9 ± 1.3 and 2.2 ± 1.2 (P = 0.031, Mann-Whitney U test), respectively. Meeting scores with friends in higher and lower SRH groups were 7.8 ± 5.8 and 4.5 ± 3.6 (P = 0.068), respectively. The scores of community health resources among higher and lower SRH groups were 21.2 ± 1.5 and 20.9 ± 1.4 (P = 0.547), respectively. The scores of community association/activities in higher and lower SRH groups were 3.9 ± 1.0 and 3.6 ± 0.9 (P = 0.227), respectively.Conclusion: This study indicated the importance of interaction with friends and relatives for maintaining higher SRH among community-dwelling elderly people.

Objective: Municipal National Health Insurance (NHI) in Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan struggles with poor attendance of health check-ups, which was only 39.6% in 2018. This study aimed to evaluate factors that encourage healthy behaviors, including opting for health check-ups, and the characteristics of middle-aged and older individuals who did not undergo health check-ups.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study, using a self-administered questionnaire, was conducted in August 2020 in three municipalities of Nagasaki Prefecture. In addition to questions regarding sociodemographic information, such as sex, age, educational status, self-rated economic status, and family structure, the questionnaire included questions on daily lifestyle habits such as alcohol intake and exercise, current medical treatment, self-rated health, and information related to health check-ups. Of the 18,710 questionnaires distributed in the three municipalities, 8,756 (46.8%) were collected by the end of December 2020, of which 7,840 were valid for analysis. The compliance rate for health check-ups was obtained from the Public Health and Welfare Bureau of Nagasaki Prefecture. Statistical analyses were performed according to two age groups: 40−59 and 60−74 years.Results: Among the respondents who did not undergo health check-ups in the year prior to this study, “lack of time” and being “too bothersome” were the most popular reasons for not attending health check-ups. “Living alone” and “low self-rated economic status” were negative factors for receiving health check-ups regardless of age group.Conclusions: Vulnerable middle-aged and older persons, such as those living alone and with low economic status, were less likely to undergo health check-ups. Emphasis on home visits by public health nurses may also be needed to increase awareness of individual health conditions, especially for people living alone and those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged.

Objectives: Migrant technical intern trainees who migrate to Japan have become essential to the Japanese labour force, especially in rural areas. Persons in charge of supervising organisations and training coordinators both support the trainees’ health and daily lives during their stay in Japan. This support is significant for trainees as it helps them access and interact with Japanese society. This study explored the perspectives of persons in charge of female technical trainees regarding support for the latter’s health and daily lives.Materials and Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 persons in charge of female technical trainees, followed by a thematic analysis of the interview data to extract key themes.Results: Four primary themes emerged: fostered beliefs and roles, cultural considerations and health support, language considerations, and concerns about female trainees in relationships. These considerations and support developed solely through experience of persons in charge of female trainees. Additionally, those in charge expressed concerns about trainees being involved in a relationship. However, no specific measures, such as providing female trainees with information, have been taken.Conclusion: Persons in charge of female technical intern trainees need to be provided opportunities to learn about cultural considerations and providing health support for their trainees. Furthermore, the cooperation of health professionals with supervising organisations and training facilities is essential to promote the healthy lives of technical intern trainees. These insights can contribute to the development of an integrated community-based approach to support the health and daily lives of female trainees.

Objectives: This study examined the actual conditions of service provision to foreign residents (FRs) addressing prevention of lifestyle-related diseases (LRDs) and disaster preparedness/disaster responses (DPRs) in Japanese municipalities.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed using a self-administered questionnaire with representatives of public health nurses in each municipality in Japan from December 2021 to January 2022.Results: Services considering FRs are more likely to be implemented in cities than in towns, and in municipalities where FRs account for ≥2.2% of the population (proportion of FRs in the Japanese population at the time of the study) than in those with fewer FRs. Cities have larger populations and greater financial resources than towns. Factors associated with the implementation of services and measures necessary for providing services to FRs were the classification of the municipality as a city, a high percentage of FRs, and large variation in corresponding nationalities/countries of origin.Conclusions: Cross-disciplinary efforts and collaborations need to be strengthened to share available resources within local governments and experiences in providing services for FRs in other divisions/sections, rather than considering only how to provide services for FRs in the public health division/section.