Objective To evaluate the changes in cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in hippocampi global in aged rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R ) injury .Methods One hundred and twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats , aged 18-22 months ,weighing 450-600 g ,were randomly divided into 2 groups ( n= 60 each):sham operation group (group S) and global cerebral I/R group (group I/R) .The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 10% chloral hydrate 0.4 ml/100 g .Global cerebral I/R was induced by 4-vessel occlusion method described by Pulsinelli .Fifteen rats were sacrificed at 1 ,3 ,5 and 7 days of reperfusion ,and brains were removed for determination of neuronal apoptosis and expression of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR ) , choline acetyltransferase (ChAT ) ,tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-1β(IL-1β) in the hippocampal CA1 region .The apoptosis rate was calculated .Results Compared with group S ,the apoptosis rate was increased and the expression of α7nAChR ,ChAT ,TNF-αand IL-1βwas up-regulated in group I/R ( P<0.05 or 0.01 ) . The expression of α7nAChR and ChAT was up-regulated gradually during reperfusion and peaked at 5 day of reperfusion ( P< 0.05 ) .Conclusion Global cerebral I/R injury can activate cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in aged rat hippocampi ,and the activation of this pathway is the endogenous mechanism of inhibition of excessive inflammatory responses in brain tissues .

Objective To evaluate the changes in 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signal transduction pathway in hippocampal neurons of aged rats during transient global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R).Methods Ninety-six aged male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 18-22 months,weighing 450-600 g,were randomly allocated to one of two groups (n=48 each):sham operation group (group OS) and transient global cerebral I/R group (group OTIR).Ninety-six yong male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 3 months,weighing 200-250 g,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=48 each):sham operation group (group AS) and transient global cerebral I/R group (group ATIR).The global cerebral I/R was produced by 3 min four-vessel occlusion followed by reperfusion according to Pulsinelli.On 3,5 and 7 days of reperfusion,12 rats in each group were chosen and sacrificed.Their brains were removed and hippocampal CA1 region was dissected for detection of neuronal apoptosis (by TUNEL) and expression of phosphorylated AMPKα (p-AMPKα) (by Western blot).The apoptotic rate (AR) was calculated.Results Compared with OS group,the AR was significantly increased and the expression of p-AMPKα was up-regulated at each time point in OTIR group,and the AR was significantly decreased and the expression of p-AMPKα was down-regulated at each time point in AS group (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with AS groupthe AR was significantly increased at each time point and the expression of p-AMPKα was up-regulated on day 3 and 5 of reperfusion in ATIR group (P ＜ 0.05).The AR was significantly lower at each time point and the expression of p-AMPKα was down-regulated on day 5 and 7 of reperfusion in ATIR group than in OTIR group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Transient global cerebral I/R can activate AMPK signal transduction pathway in hippocampus of aged rats.The activation of AMPK signal transduction pathway is stronger and the cerebral I/R injury is more severe in aged rats than in young rats.

The clinical data of 113 early pregnant (11-14 weeks) women with high risk of placenta accreta undergoing ultrasound examination in Jinhua Maternal and Child Health Hospital from June 2013 to June 2018 were retrospectively analyzed.Among them,there were 21 cases of placenta accreta (implanted group) and 92 cases without placenta accreta (non-implanted group).The diagnostic value of different μltrasound signs for placenta accreta was assessed.The sensitivity of loss of clear zone was 71％(15/21),and the specificity was 87％ (80/92);the sensitivity of placental lacunae and bladder wall interruption was 67％(14/21) and 62％(13/21),and the specificity was 78％(72/92) and 95％(87/92),respectively.The uterovesical hypervascularity has the lowest sensitivity (38％,8/21),but the highest specificity (98％,90/92).When combination of 2 sings was used for diagnosis,the sensitivity of the ultrasound examination was 76％ (16/21) and the specificity was 65％(60/92);when the combination of 3 signs was used,the sensitivity and specificity were 76％ (16/21) and 93％ (86/92),respectively.It is suggested that ultrasound examination in early pregnancy may find all types of placenta implants with good diagnostic accuracy.