Pulmonary hemorrhage is a common critical disease in neonates, with high mortality. Early and accurate diagnosis is the key to successful treatment. Recently, lung ultrasound has been successfully used to diagnose neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage. Main ultrasonographic manifestations of neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage are described in this article, including shred sign, lung consolidation with air bronchogram, pleural effusion, lung edema, pleural line abnormality and A-line disappearance.

Objective: To investigate the value of ultrasound in the localization of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) in neonates. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the PICC catheterization was conducted at Department of Neonatology, Beijing Chaoyang District Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital from June 2017 to December 2018.The ultrasound monitoring was performed immediately after PICC catheterization.The probe was placed into the midline position of the lower xiphoid or the subclavian parasternal line for scanning, and it would be the PICC if a high-echo " equal sign" was observed by ultrasound.It was believed that the PICC was successfully placed when ultrasound detected that the PICC tip was located in the junction of inferior vena cava or superior vena cava in the right atrium. Results: (1)Among 112 infants with PICC catheterization, 103 cases (92.0%) were accurately placed, 9 cases (8.0%) were not placed in the ideal site, among them, 2 cases were too deep, 4 cases were too shallow and 3 cases were catheter heterotopia.The tip position was accurate after the readjustment under ultrasound monitoring in those patients whose the first ultrasound showed the tip position was not ideal.(2)The PICC indwelling time was as short as 2 days (removed due to severe arrhythmia) and as long as 56 days with an average of (15.1±10.7) days.(3)The catheter-related complications occurred in 3 cases with an incidence of 2.7%. Conclusions Using ultrasound to determine the PICC tips position is accurate and reliable, which is worthy of extensive application in the neonatal wards.

Ultrasound can be used not only for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of lung diseases,it also has unique advantage for the treatment or adjuvant therapy of various lung diseases.According to the results of the research and clinical observation,lung ultrasound has obvious effects for the management of various of lung diseases,such as bronchoalveolar lavage for the treatment of atelectatic lung diseases,thoracocentesis for severe pleural effusion or pneumothorax,evaluation of the therapeutic effects of exogenous pulmonary surfactant,and the guidance of using or weaning ventilator.The application of the lung ultrasound has changed the concepts of clinicians for the management neonatal lung disease,which will be induced in this paper.

Both respiratory distress syndrome of newborn and wet lung of newborn are the common reasons of neonatal respiratory dyspnea,but their treatments and prognosis are much different. It is difficult to differentiate them by clinical features and chest X-ray while the lung ultrasound can do it easily. In lung ultra-sonography images,the wet lung mainly manifestsd with pulmonary edema,while the respiratory distress syn-drome of newborn mainly manifested with lung consolidation with air bronchograms. Thus,it is important to perform lung ultrasound routinely at the bed side. It is suggested that neonatologist should master certain lung ultrasound skills,so as to facilitate the real-time monitoring of the changes of neonatal lung ultrasound.

Objective To summarize the routine application of neonatal lung ultrasound in neonatal and NICU department of our hospital in the past 2 years,and to explore the feasibility of using ultrasound in-stead of X-ray in diagnosing pulmonary diseases in neonatal ward. Methods From March 2017 to May 2019,a total of 2 874 children hospitalized in the department of neonatology in our hospital were collected to analyze the types of pulmonary diseases and the reliability of lung ultrasound diagnosis. Results A total of 2 874 children received lung ultrasound examination for 7 902 times,including 1 040 patients(36. 2%) with pulmonary disease and 1 834 patients(63. 8%)without pulmonary disease. There were 152 cases of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome,112 cases of wet lung,652 cases of pneumonia,87 cases of meconium aspira-tion syndrome,12 cases of pneumothorax ( including 1 case with mediastinal emphysema),and 25 cases of pulmonary hemorrhage. Among the 2 874 children,106 received X-ray examination of the lungs before admis-sion,and received dynamic monitoring of lung ultrasound. Ninety-six cases were found to have pulmonary lesions,among which 8 cases were diagnosed with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome by X-ray examina-tion and wet lung by lung ultrasound,and recovered quickly after treatment according to wet lung. In 2 cases, X-ray examination showed no pneumonia complicated with pneumothorax,while ultrasound diagnosis showed a small amount of pneumothorax, and ultrasound diagnosis showed pneumonia complicated with a small amount of pleural effusion in 1 case. The diagnostic coincidence rate was 91. 7%. Conclusion It is feasible to use ultrasound instead of X-ray to diagnose pulmonary diseases in neonatal wards. Ultrasonic diagnosis of neonatal pulmonary diseases is worth promoting.

For a long time, C-reactive protein (CRP)and procalcitonin(PCT) have been widely used as sensitive indicators in the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia.Since the development of lung ultrasound, our group found that in the diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia of the newborn, lung ultrasound is not only superior to the traditional chest X-ray, but also the abnormal signs of lung ultrasound in neonates with pneumonia appear earlier than the traditional sensitive indicators such as CRP and PCT.In this paper, it is introduced through typical cases.

Objective:To analized brain function monitoring results with amplitude- integrated electroencephalogram (aEEG) in neonatal ward.Methods:The clinical data of 1 370 newborns received aEEG monitoring in Neonatal Department of our hospital from September 2017 to August 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Among 1 370 neonates undergoing aEEG examination,abnormalities were demonstrated in 308 cases with an overall abnormal rate of 22.5%. The abnormal rate in critical neonates was 27.7% (240/868),while that in non-critical neonates was 13.6% (68/502) (χ2=36.304, P<0.01). Neonates with convulsion had the highest aEEG abnormal rate (57.1%, 16/28), followed by small for gestational age (SGA) (48.8%, 20/41), asphyxia (41.5%, 49/118), premature (31.1%, 92/296)and erythrocytosis (29.7%, 11/37). Among 308 cases of abnormal aEEG, the main types of abnormalities were abnormal background activity in 229 cases (74.4%),insignificant sleep-wake cycles in 139 cases (45.1%) and abnormal original EEG in 117 cases (40.0%). Among 308 cases of abnormal aEEG, 38.0%(117 cases) had corresponding clinical manifestations and 62.0%(191 cases) had no clinical manifestations. The sensitivity of aEEG monitoring is 73.6%(117/159), and the specificity is 84.2%(1 020/1 211). Conclusions:The abnormal rate of aEEG is high in hospitalized neonates,especially in critically ill neonates. It is necessary to carry out routine aEEG examination for hospitalized neonates in order to early detect brain function damage.

Objective:To investigate the feasibility and characteristics of ultrasound imaging in diagnosing fractures in neonates.Methods:Thirty neonates with bone fracture in Beijing Chaoyang District Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital during January 2018 to June 2019 were retrospectively recruited. The causes and ultrasound imaging features of these cases were analyzed. The ultrasound findings were compared with the results of X-ray examination.Results:Among the 30 cases, 29 (96.7%) were diagnosed as fracture due to birth trauma, including 28 (93.3%) of clavicle fracture and one (3.3%) of humerus fracture, and one (3.3%) with rib fracture probably caused by metabolic osteopathy. The ultrasound imaging characteristics included interruption of bone continuity, dislocation and/or angulation of fracture ends, and callus formation during recovery. All of the 30 cases were diagnosed by ultrasound. However, X-ray examination failed in the diagnosis of one clavicle fracture.Conclusions:Ultrasound is an accurate and reliable method for the diagnosis of neonatal fracture. The main characteristics of ultrasound imaging include interruption of bone continuity, dislocation and/or angulation of fracture ends and callus formation.

Objective:Lung ultrasound (LUS) has been used in the diagnosis of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome(RDS) successfully, but there have been no multicenter prospective studies to verify its reliability or determine how to grade RDS with LUS findings.This study aimed to discuss the necessity and feasibility of using LUS findings to determine RDS grades through a multicenter prospective study.Methods:Every researcher participated in the National Neonatal Lung Ultrasound Training Course and receiving 3-6 months of lung ultrasound system training at the National Neonatal Lung Ultrasound Training Center.Patients between June 2018 and May 2020 who met the RDS ultrasound diagnostic criteria and had full available clinical data were included in this study.The LUS examination was completed immediately after the patients were admitted to the hospital.Some of them also underwent chest X-ray examination.Arterial blood gas analysis was completed immediately before or after the LUS ultrasound examination.RDS grading was performed according to the LUS findings and whether the patient had serious complications.Results:A total of 275 qualifying cases were included in this study, which included 220 premature infants and 55 full-term infants, and the primary RDS occurred in 117 cases (42.5%), and secondary RDS occurred in 158 cases (57.5%). LUS manifestations of RDS patients can be divided into three categories: (1)A ground-glass opacity sign: which could be found among 50 infants when they were admitted to the hospital (that was, at their first LUS examination). Twenty-eight of these infants were considered to have wet lungs and were not sent for special management on admission, but LUS showed typical snowflake-like lung consolidation within 0.5 to 4 hours.Twenty-two of them were given mechanical ventilation with exogenous pulmonary surfactant; Eighteen cases were controlled within 6-12 hours, but the lung lesions became more severe in the other 4 infants (due to severe intrauterine infection). (2)Snowflake-like lung consolidations: the first LUS on admission showed typical snowflake-like lung consolidation involving areas ranging from 1-2 intercostal spaces to 12 lung divisions in 204 cases.Thirty-eight infants among them the lung consolidation only had involvement of 1-2 intercostal spaces at the time of admission; Fifteen of them received invasive respiratory support and recovered within 4-12 hours.Twelve patients received noninvasive respiratory support; Seven of them recovered, while five cases developed severe lung illness.The remaining 11 patients who were not given any form of ventilator support developed severe conditions within 1-4 hours.Thirty of them showed snowflake signs involving 12 lung regions at admission.The remaining 136 patients had lung consolidation degree between the two degree above condition.(3)Snowflake-like sign with complications: Twenty-one patients had severe complications such as pneumothorax, pulmonary hemorrhage or/and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn or large area atelectasis, etc, although snowflake lung consolidation did not involve all lung regions.Conclusion:(1) LUS is reliable and accurate for diagnosing RDS.RDS has the same characteristics on ultrasound for both preterm and full-term infants, both primary and secondary RDS.(2) To facilitate the management of RDS, it is necessary to classify RDS according to the ultrasound findings and the presence of severe complications.(3) Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that RDS can be divided into mild, moderate and severe degrees.The exact standards for grading are as follows: Mild RDS: the early stage of RDS, in which lung consolidation shows as a ground-glass opacity sign on ultrasound; Moderate RDS: lung consolidation shows a snowflake sign on ultrasound, not all of the lung fields are involved; Severe RDS meets one or more of the following criteria: lung consolidation shows as a snowflake sign on ultrasound and all lung regions are involved, or regardless of its degree and extent, lung consolidation has caused serious complications, such as pulmonary hemorrhage, pneumothorax, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, or/and a large area of pulmonary atelectasis.