OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of the round window stimulation electrical evoked auditory brainstem response (EABR) test, and optimize the parameters of recording and stimulation electrodes positions. METHOD: Ten healthy Hartley guinea pigs (20 ears) were used for the EABR test. The positive stimulation electrodes were placed into the round window niche, the animals were divided into three group according to the negative electrodes position, group A: the electric field was parallel with the projection of cochlear modiolus on the tympanic membrane, group B: the electric field was perpendicular to modiolus projection toward to the mastoid, group C: the electric field was perpendicular to modiolus projection toward to the zygomatic process. A series of optimized recording and stimulation parameters were uesed to reduce the electrical artifact. RESULT: All the 20 ears were normal in the ABR testing, and EABR waves were stable and well-differentiated in the EABR tests out of cochlea. But EABR waves of group A were more stable and differentiated than those of group B and C. In group A, the threshold of EABR was (0.54 ± 0.11) mA, and latency of wave III was (1.71 ± 0.05) ms when the stimulus intensity was 0.8 mA. In group B, the threshold of EABR was (0.62 ± 0.12) mA, and latency of wave III was (1.77 ± 0.03) ms. In group C, the threshold of EABR was (0.70 ± 0.14) mA, and latency of wave III was (1.86 ± 0.04)ms. The threshold of EABR and latency of wave III were significantly different among the three groups by statistic analysis. CONCLUSION EABR waves were stable and well-differentiated in the EABR tests out of cochlea. The EABR waves were recorded more stably and differentiated when the stimulating electrode and recording electrode were paralleled with the projection of modiolus on the tympanic membrane.
Animals ; Cochlea ; physiology ; Electric Stimulation ; Electrodes ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem ; Guinea Pigs ; Round Window, Ear ; Tympanic Membrane

OBJECTIVE: A series of recent studies have demonstrated the mechanism of migration and nerve net of neural stem cells. These theories have further substantiated neural stem cell transplantation. In view of these new findings, this paper reviewed the mode of migration and information of network. The significance of these theories was discussed.DATA SOURCE: We search on Pubmed with the key words "neural stem cell", "migration", and "nerve net", limiting the language to English and publication date from 1970 to 2004. At the same time we searched on CNKI.STUDY SELECTION: We selected the randomized and non-randomized controlled studies related to migration and nerve net building of neural stem cells. Review articles and articles with repetitive studies were excluded.DATA EXTRACTION: Among 39 papers selected, 16 papers concerning the development of this topic were selected, and the others were excluded.DATA SYNTHESIS: For retrograde lesions and severe injury of nervous system, transplantation of nerve stem cells may replace aging degenerative and dead nerve cells and rebuild neural network for the recovery of cerebral function. Migration of nerve cell and network principle can solve the survival, differentiation, migration and creation of nerve network after transplantation of nerve stem cells so as to realize the recovery and reconstruction of cerebral function.CONCLUSION: Neural stem cells can migrate to intended places and can build nerve net under some conditions, which will be useful for medicine deyelopment.

To explore the role and changes of dopamine receptor activity and their subtypes during the onset process of Parkinson disease( PD ), on the basis of 6 hydroxydopamine lesioned PD rat model, radioligand binding assay (RLBA) and Scanchard drawing were used to measure the maximal binding capacity of receptor (Bmax) and equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of D 1 and D 2 dopamine receptors in caudal putamen of the model and control rats at different time point. The results of RLBA study revealed D 2 dopamine receptor Bmax was significantly increased and KD was significantly decreased in the caudal putamen ipsilateral to the lesion in rat model, and the changes reached the peak in one month rat model group. In contrast, the caudal putamen D 1 receptors were far less affected, with no consistent changes in the same model groups as compared with the control, except that 2 weeks model group showed Bmax was slightly decreased while KD was slightly increased. The study confirms that D 2 dopamine receptor is upregulated in the caudal putamen ipsilateral to the lesion in PD rat model, and the affinity of the receptors is increased, but the activity of D 1 dopamine receptor is not significantly changed.

To explore the feasibility and validity of isolated neural stem cells(NSC) derived from adult human bone marrow, the adult human bone marrow stromal cells, harvested by density gradient centrifugation following an ilium puncture, were cultured in "Cytokines NSC medium" for ascertaining the optimal survival conditions in vitro . Proliferation of NSCs was evaluated by formation of cell clones. Antibodies against Nestin, NSE and GFAP were chosen for identifying NSCs, neurons and glial cells, respectively. The involved cytokines in culture included GDNF(20ng/ml), LIF(10ng/ml)and RA(0 5?g/ml). Among the adult human bone marrow stromal cells, there were some NSCs with rough and large cytoplasmic granules proliferating rapidly into islets shaped cellular spheres with positive Nestin, a specific antigen on the fetal neural epithelium. After separating the cellular spheres into single cells and then plating them, we found the islets shaped cellular spheres appeared again. Following differentiation of the NSCs spheres, some of them formed small buds,which then developed further into long projects connecting each other. Most of the cells with long projects showed positive NSE or GFAP. It is possible that adult human bone marrow stromal cells could be induced into NSCs under certain experimental conditions. Also it implied the feasibility and validity that the adult human bone marrow might be used as the seed cells of the neural stem cells.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the prevalence and psychopathological characteristics of anxiety and depression in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and to find the risk factors leading to psychological problems.

METHODSBetween August 2013 and April 2014, 117 consecutive patients with the diagnosis of CRS who had been scheduled for endoscopic sinus surgery were prospectively enrolled. Somatic and psychological symptoms were evaluated using a series of questionnaire instruments. The instruments included symptom checklist-90 (SCL-90), self-rating depression scale (SDS), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and the visual analogue scale (VAS) and the sinonasal outcome test 20 (SNOT-20) and Lund-Mackay computed tomography score. The results of SAS, SDS, SCL-90 were compared with the standard, obtained from healthy Chinese population. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors that might cause anxiety and depression. SPSS 19.0 software was used to analyze the data.

RESULTSThe scores of SAS and SDS (39.40 ± 11.55, 54.05 ± 10.96) were significantly higher than those of our country's normal standard (29.78 ± 10.46, 41.88 ± 10.57, t equals 5.648, 7.529, all P < 0.01). The SCL-90 scores were significantly higher than those of the normal standard population, including dimension of somatization, anxiety, depression, psychosis and total average score of the factors ( all P < 0.01), the result of somatization, anxiety, depression had positive correlation with the scores of SAS and SDS (r equals 0.681, 0.781, 0.531, 0.866, 0.674, 0.557, all P < 0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression showed that gender and CRS complicated with asthma or allergic rhinitis (AR) and the symptom of nasal obstruction were related to the incidence of anxiety depression comorbid. In addition, the gender and concurrent asthma had positive correlation with incidence of any anxiety or depressive disorder. To compare the abnormal psychological state group and healthy group, the SNOT-20 scores had no statistical significance (all P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSHigh prevalence of anxiety and depression was found in CRS patients. Such factors as gender, nasal obstruction and concurrent with asthma or AR are high risk factors for anxiety and depression in patients with CRS.

Anxiety ; epidemiology ; Chronic Disease ; Depression ; epidemiology ; Endoscopy ; Humans ; Pain Measurement ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies ; Rhinitis ; epidemiology ; surgery ; Sinusitis ; epidemiology ; surgery ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

BACKGROUND:Crainocerebral missile wound (CMW) is the common severe trauma of war. Environmental factor is the important factor that aggravates the development of sickness and threatens the life of the sick and wounded at early stage. The study on basic theory and treatment of CMW under hyperthermia and high-humidity is the major task in military medicine.OBJECTIVE: To observe the characters of bacterial growth in wound cavity and peripheral tissue after CMW in cats under hyperthermia and high-humidity so as to provide the reference data to the tissue repair and its functional recovery in CMW.DESIGN: Randomized controlled experiment.SETTING: Surgery Department of Neurology in Zhujiang Hospital affiliated to Southern Medical University(First Military Medical University).MATERIALS: The experiment was performed in Department of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in Southern Medical University from April to May 2003. In the experiment, 24 hybrid cats were employed, of clean grade, of either sex, body-weighted (2.5±0.2) kg, provided from Experimental Animal Center of Southern Medical University. The animals were randomized into 4 groups, named the control at common temperature (5 cats), common temperature group (8 cats), hyperthermia and high-humidity group (8 cats) and blank control (3 cats).METHODS: After weighted, the cat was injected abdominally with 30 g/L pentobarbitol sodium solution at 30 mg/kg. After successful establishment of craniocerebral blindgut wound model, in common temperature group, the cats were placed in simulated climatic cabin at 25 ℃ and 50% relevant humidity for 6 hours and in hyperthermia and high-humidity group, the cats were placed in the hyperthermia and high-humidity environment for 6 hours. With biopsy, the fragmented brain tissue in wound tract and the brain tissue on the wall of wound tract far from 0-5 mm and 5-10 mm were collected and preparedinto successively natural solution and homogenate, and counting was done in 24 hours of bacterial culture to calculate bacterial content in wound cavity and peripheral tissue. In blank control, the cats were sacrificed with anesthesia and the material was collected directly, the rest steps were same as the control at common temperature.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Bacterial content in wound cavity and peripheral tissue in each group.RESULTS: Totally 23 animals were employed in outcome analysis. Bacterial contents in same regions were different remarkably in different groups (F=171.423, P=0.000). It was indicated in paired comparison that significant difference happens between the control at common temperature, common temperature group and hyperthermia and high-humidity group and blank control successively (P ＜ 0.01). The difference was not significant in the comparison among the control at common temperature, common temperature group and hyperthermia and high-humidity group (P ＞ 0.05). Bacterial contents at different distances from the wound cavity were different remarkably in each group (F=14.865, P = 0.000).CONCLUSION: Hyperthermia and high-humidity does not impact significantly the bacterial growth of CMW in 6 hours and bacterial reproduction has not entered high-rate increasing stage yet, due to which, it is still safe for debridement repair.

Objective For decreasing the infected rate,the prevention and cure methods of intracranial infections following posterior fossa craniotomy were study. Methods Twenty-eight patients with the intracranial infections following posterior fossa craniotomy were examined by lumbar puncture,and analyzed cerebrospinal fluid with routine examination and reference to the bacteriological data and drug sensitive tests. All the patients were treated with high dosage sensitive antibiotics, and draining continually the infected cerebrospinal fluid by lumbar puncture catheterization and injected small dosages of antibiotics into intraspinal for most cases. Results Twenty-eight patients had intracranial hypertension by lumbar puncture examination, outcome of cerebrospinal fluid culture indicated that 17 cases had bacteria growth and 11 cases had no bacteria. The intracranial infection was controlled effectively,and 96.4%(27 cases) were cured, 1 case dead of systemic failure. Conclusions Strict aseptic techniques,reduce operative time,decrease intracranial place of foreign matters, such as gelfoam, hemostatic gauze and artificial implants, could reduce the possibilities of intracranial infections. Appropriate antibiotics selection,lumbar puncture catheterization and intraspinal administration of antibiotics can cure intracranial infections effectively.

BACKGROUND: Dopamine is closely associated with occurrence of epilepsy and transmission in central nerval system, and its various functions are determined by specific receptors.OBJECTIVE: To establish temporal epilepsy model so as to probe into the influences of SCH23390, the antagonist of dopamine D1 receptors and haloperidol, the antagonist of dopamine D2 receptors injected in substantia nigra on temporal epileptic seizure induced by kainic acid and on electroencephalic activityDESIGN: Randomized controlled verified experiment.SETTING: Neurology Medicine Institute of Zhujiang Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University.MATERIALS: The experiment was performed in General Military Neurology Medicine Institute of Zhujiang Hospital Affiliated to First Military University of Chinese PLA from August to December 2004, in which, 30SD adult male rats were employed, massed varied from 250 to 300 g.METHODS: ① 30 rats were randomized into physiological saline (control) group (6 rats), kainic acid (KA) group (6 rats) and experimental group (18 rats). The experimental group was divided into 3 subgroups, named the antagonist of dopamine D1 receptors, SCH23390 + kainic acid group (D1 +KA group), the antagonist of dopamine D2 receptors,haloperidol + kainic acid group (D2+KA group) and physiological saline + kainic acid group (PS + KA group), 6 rats in each. In the control, physi ological saline 2 μL was injected in the right cerebral ventricle unilaterally. In KA group, kainic acid 2 μL was injected in the right ventricle. In each of experimental group, SCH23390, the antagonist of dopamine D1 re ceptors, haloperidol, the antagonist of dopamine D2 receptors and physio logical saline 1 μL for each was injected in substantia nigra on the right side successively and simultaneously, kainic acid 2 μL was injected in the right ventricle. ② Observed items: alters of EEG on the 0.5th 1st, 2nd, 6th and 24th hours after medication in each experimental group (compared with EEG of non-epileptic behavior, appearance of sharp wave, spike wave,sharp (spike) slow comprehensive wave and multi-spike slow wave determines epileptic activity) and changes in animal behaviors (0 grade: normal; Ⅰ grade: wet dog-like trembling, paroxysmal facial spasm, like winking,beard moving, rhythmic chawing; Ⅱ grade: rhythmic nodding; Ⅲ grade:paroxysmal spasm of anterior limbs; Ⅳ grade: paroxysmal spasm of bilateral anterior limbs when standing; Ⅴ grade: falling down, loss of balance and convulsion of four limbs). Cerebral hippocampal neural cell apoptosis was observed and the rats were sacrificed on the 5' day of medication. Cerebral hippocampal section was prepared and determined after in situ end labeling staining.MAIN OUTCOME MEAUSRES: ① Changes in behavior in rats before and after epilepsy and electroencephalogram (EEG) alters. ② Results of cerebra hippocampal neural cell apoptosis.RESULTS: Thirty rats entered result analysis. ① Epilepsy seizure: In the control group, there was no epilepsy attacked. In KA group, all of rats ap pear seizure, which attacked 10 minutes after KA injected in brain ventricle, reached the peak in 1 hour and stopped in 3 to 6 hours. ② EEG record: In the control group, there was not epileptic activity manifestations,like sharp wave, spike wave, spike slow comprehensive wave, etc. In KA group, epileptic wave presented in 10 minutes after injection, the seizure developed to the peak in about 1 hour, the wave amplitude was decreased in 3 to 6 hours, presenting paroxysmal slow and spike slow waves and no epileptic wave appeared after 12 hours. ③ Neuronal apoptosis: In the control group, few neural cell apoptosis was visible in hippocampus after injection.In KA group, neural cell apoptosis was visible obviously in hippocampus in 5 days after injection (P =0.00). With SCH23390, the antagonist of dopamine D1 receptors, hippocampal cell apoptosis was not reduced remarkably (P ＞0.05) and with haloperidol, the antagonist of dopamine D2 receptors injected in substantia nigra, hippocampal cell apoptosis was aggravated (P =0.00).CONCLUSION: Injection of SCH23390, the antagonist of dopamine D1 receptors in substantia nigra cannot block kainic acid inducing epilepsy and epileptic electroencephalic activity is not weakened remarkably. Injection of haloperidol,the antagonist of dopamine D2 receptors enhances epileptic electroencephalic activity in kainic acid induced epilepsy and increases cell apoptosis remarkably in cerebral hippocampal CA3 area.It is to explain that it is dopamine D2 acceptor that is involved in regulation of temporal epilepsy in substantia nigra rather than D1 acceptor.

Objective To investigate the effect oflamotrigine (LTG) on repair ofhemisection of spinal cord in mice models.Methods A total of 80 female C57BL/6 mice were employed to establish the models of spinal cord hemisection,and randomly divided into 3 groups:spinal cord injury (SCI) group (n=27),SCI+LTG group (n=26) and SCI+0.9％ saline group (n=26);mice in SCI+LTG group were given intraperitoneal injection oflamotrigine (25 mg/kg) for a consecutive 7 d,and mice in the SCI+0.9％ saline group were given the same volume of 0.9％ saline.Basso,Beatti,Bresnahan (BBB) scale was performed 1,7 and 14 d after SCI;6 mice in each group were sacrificed 1,7 and 14 d after SCI,and glial fiber acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1)-positive cells were observed by immunofluorescence and the expressions of inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-1,IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were observed by ELISA.Results On the 7th and 14th d of injury,the BBB scale scores in the SCI+LTG group were significantly higher than those in the SCI group and SCI+0.9％ saline group (7 d:5.1667±0.40825,4.0000±0.63246 and3.8333±0.40825;14 d:6.5000± 0.5477,5.5000±0.5477 and 5.3333±0.5164,P＜0.05).On the 7th and 14th d of injury,less percentage of GFAP positive ftuorenscent area and fewer number of Iba1 positive cells in the SCI+LTG group were noted than those in the SCI group and SCI+0.9％ saline group (P＜0.05).On the 7th d of SCI,the IL-1 and IL-10 expressions in the SCI+LTG group were obviously lower than those in the SCI group and SCI+ 0.9％ saline group (P＜0.05).Conclusion Lamotrigine improves the motor function after SCI by decreasing the secretion of inflammatory factors and activation of glial cells.

Objective To investigate the effects of growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) on proliferation of mouse neural stem cells (NSCs) and expression levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smads and Wnt/β-Catenin signal key proteins.Methods NSCs,derived from the subventricular zone of E14 d CD1 mice,were cultured and induced differentiation;specific proteins nestin and SOX2 were confirmed by immunofluorescence assay.Neuron marker nucleus antigen (NeuN)and astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were identified by immunofluorescent staining.The cells of third generation in their exponential phase were chosen and randomly divided into experimental group (adding GDF11 to make the final concentration as 40 ng/mL) and control group (adding equal amount of culture fluid).The proliferation of the cells in the two groups was detected by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) kits and protein expressions of Smad2/3,phosphorylated (p)-Smad2/3,Smad4 and β-Catenin were measured by Western blotting one and 6 h after treatment.Results Round and bright cells suspended in culture medium were observed through optical microscope.Immunofluorescence assay showed that over 90％ cells expressed both nestin and SOX2,and some of them expressed NeuN or GFAP.EdU proliferation test showed that the percentage of EdU positive cells in the experimental group (0.34±0.08) was significantly higher than that in the control group (0.24±0.03,P＜0.05).Western blotting showed that the expression levels ofp-Smad2/3,Smad4 and β-Catenin were significantly increased one and 6 h after treatment as compared with those in the control group (P＜0.05).Conclusion GDF11 can promote the proliferation of NSCs in vitro and probably is on account of activating TGF-β/Smads and Wnt/β-Catenin signal pathways.