rue fungal infection of the nail plate is known as onychomycosis. Systemic therapy of onychomycosis is more likely to be effetive than topical treatment. However, the potential for adverse reactions and for interaction with the metabolism of other medication can preclude their use. Furthermore, some people do not want to take oral medicine for treatment of onychomycosis. Because of this, the prospect of effective topical therapy is a welcome alternative. To provide better delivery of drug to bed and nail plate, we trimmed with electric nail grinder (KHP 3000 Frees(R), Germany), and then applied nail lacquer (Amorolfine HCl, Loceryl(R), Galderma korea). The potential for synergism of electric nail grinder with topical antifungal agent is expected.
Lacquer* ; Metabolism ; Onychomycosis* ; Oral Medicine ; Ruta

OBJECTIVEChemopreventive approach with natural products, particularly plants and plant-derived ones, is receiving increasing attention for their effective role against cancer without any palpable side effects. In this study, efficacy of ethanolic extract of Ruta graveolens (RG) on skin melanoma cells (A375) in vitro and on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced skin cancer in vivo has been tested in Swiss albino mice.

METHODSStudies on cell viability, apoptosis and autophagy induction were conducted in vitro. To check apoptosis, assays like alteration in mitochondrial membrane potential, annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide assay and immunoblot were performed. Fluorescence microscopic and immunoblot assays were performed to confirm autophagy induction. The effects of RG were determined by evaluating body weight, tumor incidence, tumor volume and tumor burden in mice. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant status was assessed. The role of some relevant signaling proteins was also analyzed.

RESULTSRG caused death of A375 cells through induction of caspase 3-mediated apoptosis and Beclin-1-associated autophagy. Moreover, RG administration (75 mg/kg body weight) which showed no acute or chronic toxicity, showed significant reduction in the skin tumor burden of DMBA-painted mice. RG also demonstrated potent anti-lipid peroxidative and antioxidant functions during the course of skin cancer induction by DMBA.

CONCLUSIONChemopreventive potential of RG was demonstrated from overall results of this study, indicating its possible use in therapeutic formulation of an effective drug to treat skin cancer.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene ; Animals ; Anticarcinogenic Agents ; pharmacology ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Autophagy ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; DNA Damage ; Humans ; Melanoma ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Mice ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; Ruta ; Skin Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; pathology

AIM: In the present study, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the methanol extract of Ruta graveolens leaves (RG-M) were evaluated using various in vivo and in vitro models. METHOD: For anti-inflammatory activity, RG-M was administered by the oral route (p.o.) in a carrageenan-induced paw edema model, and by the intraperitoneal route (i.p.) in an exudative inflammation model. In vitro inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes was evaluated. In vitro antioxidant activity was also examined. Endogenous antioxidant status was further evaluated by ferric reducing ability of plasma model. RESULTS: RG-M showed maximum inhibition of carrageenan-induced edema (100 mg·kg⁻¹ - 33.36%; 200 mg·kg⁻¹ - 45.32% and 400 mg·kg⁻¹ - 56.28%). In the exudative inflammation model, a significant reduction in leukocyte migration (200 mg·kg⁻¹ - 54.75% and 400 mg·kg⁻¹ - 77.97%) and protein exudation (200 mg·kg⁻¹ - 31.14% and 400 mg·kg⁻¹ - 49.91%) were observed. RG-M also exhibited inhibition of COX-1 (IC50 182.27 μg·mL⁻¹) and COX-2 (IC50 190.16 μg·mL⁻¹) as well as 5-LOX (IC50 215.71 μg·mL⁻¹). Antioxidant activity was significant with improved endogenous antioxidant status. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of RG-M with potent inhibitory effects on the arachidonic acid pathways.
Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Antioxidants ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Arachidonic Acid ; metabolism ; Carrageenan ; Cyclooxygenase 1 ; metabolism ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; metabolism ; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Disease Models, Animal ; Edema ; drug therapy ; Exudates and Transudates ; Ferric Compounds ; metabolism ; Inflammation ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Leukocytes ; metabolism ; Lipoxygenase Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Lipoxygenases ; metabolism ; Male ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Plant Leaves ; Rats, Wistar ; Ruta