Objective: To study the general characteristics of autistic children. Methods: The data of 1176 autistic children who were diagnosed in the Institute of Mental Health, Beijing Medical University was gathered, descriptive statistics were done with SPSS software. Results: As many as 35.10% of the autistic children are identified by their parents having problems in behavior until they were 3 years old. The average age of consulting was 60.61?26.8 months. Only 21.43% children were brought to child psychiatrists under the age of 3. They were brought to hospital 35.03?27.86 months after being discovered the symptoms.Conclusion:Health education for child autism should be strengthened so that it can be early identified.

Objective and method.To research the alteration of pulmonary flow spectrum of patients with congenital heart disease and the relation between pulmonary flow spectrum and pulmonary artery pressure,33 patients with congenital heart disease were examined by echocardiography and catheterization.Results.The result showed that the spectrum peak early occurring in patients with pulmonary hypertension and the degree of the spectrum peak early occurring was related to pulmonary artery pressure positively.The result suggested that when the pulmonary artery systolic pressure was over 100 mmHg,the flow spectrum showed slender pattern usually.Conclusion.The slender pattern in pulmonary flow spectrum could be a semi- quantity parameter to predict that the pulmonary artery systolic pressure more than 100 mmHg.

The aim of this study is to analyze the evolutional and molecular characteristics of Hemagglutinin (HA),Neuraminidase(NA)and non-structural (NS) genes of H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) from sewage in live bird markets (LBMs) in Changsha,2014.Five hundred and one specimens were collected from environment in LBMs in Changsha,2014,and real-time RT-PCR was used for influenza A typing and subtyping (H5,H7 and H9) detection.Sequencing were used for the positive of single H5.The sequence homology of HA,NA and NS genes of the viruses were analyzed with the online Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST).The phylogenetic trees for HA,NA and NS genes and the ClustalW Multiple alignments of amino acids were constructed using MEGA 5 and BioEdit software,respectively.Results showed that of 501 environmental samples,177 (35.33 ％) samples were positive for influenza A viruses and H5 subtype.Eight H5N1 subtype AIV were confirmed by sequencing from the samples of the positive of single H5.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that most of HA genes of the H5N1 subtype AIV strains isolated in Changsha city were located in 2.3.2 and clustered into new subclade,and the most of NA and NS genes in this study were clustered into subclade 2.3.2.1b.QSG of the HA protein of the receptor binding site were found in these H5N1 viruses,and the characteristics was shown to be associated with increased affinity of HA to the glycan-receptors of AIV.In strains from this study,we did not found amino acid substitutions of the NA protein at H275Y and N295S,and sensitive to neuraminidases,and the high pathogenicity molecular characteristics of HA,NA and NS genes were showed in these viruses.In conclusion,molecular characteristics of the HA,NA and NS of these H5N1 subtype viruses in this study showed high pathogenicity,but that may not facilitate human infection.So,the prevalence and genetic evolution of this virus should be closely monitored.

We analyzed the evolutional and molecular characteristics of Hemagglutinin(HA),Neuraminidase(NA) and nonstructural(NS) genes of avian influenza A(H9n2) viruses from environment in poultry markets in Changsha,China,2014,providing laboratory data for prevention and control of human infection with avian influenza A(H9N2) virus.Five hundred and one specimens (263 poultry drinking water specimens,226 poultry sewage specimens and 17 others specimens) were collected from environment in poultry markets in Changsha,2014,and real-time RTPCR was used for influenza A typing and subtyping (H5,H7 and H9) detection.HA and NA universal primer sets for conventional RT-PCR and sequencing were used for the positivity of single H9.The sequence homology of HA,NA and NS genes of the viruses were analyzed with the online Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST).The ClustalW multiple alignments of amino acids and the phylogenetic trees for HA,NA and NS genes were constructed using the BioEdit and MEGA 5 software,respectively.Results showed that among 501 environmental samples,350 samples were positive for influenza A virus,191 (38.12％) for H9 subtype,177 (35.33％) for H5 subtype,11 (2.20％) for H7 subtype and 68 (13.57％) for H5 and H9 subtypes co-detection.Twenty-three H9N2 subtype AIV were confirmed by conventional RT-PCR and sequencing from the samples of the positivity of single H9.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that most of HA,NA and NS genes of the H9N2 subtype AIV isolated in Changsha City had gene constellations of genotype S,and these virues might have acquired their HA,NA and NS from A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/1998-like (H9N2).L235 (correspond to H3 numbering 226) of the HA protein of the receptor binding site (RBS) were found in these H9N2 viruses,and the characteristics was shown to be associated with increased affinity of HA to the glycan-receptors of human influenza virus,and the low pathogenicity molecular characteristics of HA,NA and NS genes were showed in these viruses.The positive rate of nucleic acid of the H9 subtype of avian influenza virus from environment was the highest in poultry markets in Changsha,2014,and molecular characteristics of the HA,NA and NS of these H9N2 subtype AIV showed low pathogenicity,but that may facilitate human infection.So,the prevalence and genetic evolution of this virus should be closely monitored.

Objective:To carry out the monitoring of H5N6 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) in the population infection and live poultry markets (LPMs) environmental pollution in Changsha city from 2016 to 2018. Laboratory data were provided to prevent human infection with H5N6 subtype AIV.Methods:A total of 6 909 throat swab specimens from the population and 1 719 environmental specimens from LPMs were collected in Changsha city from 2016 to 2018. The real-time RT-PCR method was used for the detection of influenza virus in type A, H5, H7, H9 and N6 subtypes. Eighty-two AIV nucleic acid-positive specimens were subjected to high-throughput nucleotide sequencing, and then BLAST similarity and amino acid (aa) key site analyses were performed on the sequencing results.Results:One H5N6 subtype AIV nucleic acid was detected from 6 909 population throat swab specimens, 927 (53.93%) positive specimens of A-type AIV nucleic acids and 193 (11.23%) positive specimens of both H5 and N6 subtypes were detected from 1 719 LPMs environmental specimens. Fourteen genomic sequences of H5N6 subtype AIV were obtained with high-throughput nucleotide sequencing, and aa key site analyses showed that there were 6 basic aa in 338-347 aa of viral HA protein-linked peptide, which was highly pathogenic to birds. Receptor binding site (RBS) 238-240 aa (corresponding to H3 type influenza virus 226-228 aa) is QSG or QRG, and the receptor is characterized by avian origin. The 290th resistance gene locus of NA protein did not show R290K mutation, and was sensitive to NA inhibitor (Duffy/osoterosine phosphate). The E627K and D701N(I) mutations in the viral PB2 protein indicate that the virus is pathogenic.Conclusions:Human infected with H5N6 subtype AIV in Changsha city is sporadic, and the H5N6 subtype AIV of LPMs is seriously polluted. It is necessary to further strengthen the AIV surveillance of LPMs.

Background. Transesophageal echocardiography(TEE) is an advanced technique. The purpose of this article is to discuss the complication and safety of the TEE.Method. Fifteen hundred and fifty-two patients with heart disease were examined with monoplane, biplane and omniplane TEE probe(including male 727, female 825;9～76 years old). During the same period, 113 307 precordial echocardiographic examinations were performed in our laboratory. The ratio between TEE and transthoracic Echo examines was 1:73.Result.All different kinds of complication were occurred during TEE examination, including vomiting, minor mucus bleeding, laryngospasm, mandibular dislocation, angina pectoris, arrhythmia, even ventricular fibrillation and death. The article suggested that there were five steps must be improved during TEE examination including instrument and patients preparation, local anesthesia, manipulation technique and TEE probes pattern.Conclusion. Although TEE is a semiinvasive technique and can cause some kinds of complication, it is a safe technique if the five steps are improved.