Objective To establish a rat model of hyperlipidemia and analyze the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on lipid metabolism and expression of visfatin gene. Method High fat diet was used to establish the hyperlipidemia rat model. Blood was taken at four weeks after high fat diet feeding to analyze the level of glucose (GLU), cholesterol (CHO) and triglyeride(TG). The rats were divided into experimental group and control group after the hyperlipidemia rat model was established successfully. The experimental group rats were treated with CLA(0.8 mL /0.1 kg)orally for four weeks. The food intake and body weight were recorded. The rats were sacrificed, and both body fat and serum lipid levels were measured. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure the expression level of visfatin mRNA. Result The hyperlipidemic rat models were induced by high fat diet successfully. The body weight, food intake and body fat in the rats of CLA experiment group were significantly decreased compared with that of the control group (P< 0.05). The level of GLU, CHO, TG and LDL in the experimental group were significantly lower than that in the control group (P< 0.05), but the serum HDL-C was increased in the experimental group. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that the expression level of visfatin gene of the experimental group was lower than that in the control group. Conclusion CLA can reduce the expression of visfatin gene and improve the lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemic rats.

Objective: To evaluate the long-term efifciency of percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA) for treating the patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM).
Methods: A total of 66/94 (70.2%) HOCM patients received PTSMA in Shenyang PLA general hospital from 2001-10 to 2012-10 were retrospectively studied. The left ventricular out lfow gradient (LVOFG) was measured at before and after the operation, ECG and echocardiography were examined at 1 month, 6 months and 1 year after operation, and then examined once per year for (63.8±28.5) months.
Results: There were 26 patients lost contact during follow-up period, 40 returned to routine clinical check-up and 2 patients died thereafter, 1 because of sudden death and 1 because of cerebral bleeding. The pre-operative average LVOTG was (102.7 ± 47.5) mmHg, compared with the values at 6 months post-operation and long term (>6 months) after operation (33.9 ± 30.2) mmHg and (29.7 ± 25.4) mmHg,P<0.001. The pre-operative average inter ventricular septal (IVS) was (20.1 ± 3.6) mm, compared with the values at 6 months post-operation and long term after operation (17.5 ± 2.9) mm and (16.4 ± 3.6) mm, P=0.028 andP<0.001. There were 7 patients with NYHA class at II-III and having occasional chest suppression and short of breath. There were no heart transplantation, frequent premature ventricular contraction, tachycardia and other malignant arrhythmia occurred in 38 survivors.
Conclusion: PTSMA may reduce LVOTG, IVS thickness and improve the clinical symptoms in HOCM patients, the long-term efifcacy is reliable.

Objective:To solve the problems in intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) planning, such as large labor cost and high dependence on the experience of physicists and great inconsistency in the quality of plan, and to discuss an unsupervised automatic treatment planning procedure of IMRT.Methods:The eclipse scripting application programming interface (ESAPI) within the Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS) 15.6 and optimization parameters tree search algorithm (OPTSA) were used to emulate and realize the whole planning process. Interacted with the TPS through ESAPI, relevant dosimetric parameters were input and output. The OPTSA evaluated the plan qualities based on dosimetric parameters of the targets and organs at risk (OARs) and iteratively adjusted the optimization objective parameters to achieve a progressively improving IMRT plan. In order to verify the effectiveness of the automatic planning, twenty historical rectum cancer cases were selected from the clinical database, and the dose distribution and specific dosimetric parameters were compared between the plans generated by the OPTSA and the manual plans under the same constraints.Results:All the auto plans have met clinical requirements. Furthermore, 90% and 10% of the auto plans were deemed as clinically improved and equally compared with the manual plans, respectively. The average CI for the PTV was 0.88 and 0.80 for the auto and manual plans respectively. Compared with the manual plans, the mean doses of all the OARs in the auto plans were reduced by 11% in average. The average elapsed time of automatic planning and manual planning was (28.15±3.61) and (36.7±4.6) min, respectively.Conclusions:The plans created by the proposed algorithm have been shown to be at least as good as the manual plans. In addition, this method can shorten the labor time in plan designing while ensuring the plan quality and consistency of the plan.

Objective:To investigate the performance of W2 plastic scintillator in megavolt photon and electron beams.Methods:The photon and electron beam energy provided by linear accelerator was used to collect data of the W2 scintillator. The parameters include the electrometer reading stability, W2 dose and dose rate linearity, and angular response. And the dose uncertainty of the W2 correction factors was also investigated.Results:The standard deviation of the electrometer reading stability was between 0.03 and 0.47. The linear regression factors of W2 dose were all 1.0; the maximum deviation of the dose rates was 0.61%. The Cerenkov light radiation correction factor(CLR) for 6 and 10 MV were 0.741 and 0.746, respectively, and the CLR for 6, 9, 12 and 15 MeV were 0.750, 0.753, 0.757 and 0.757, respectively. The maximum deviation of dose uncertainty for 15 MeV was 3.15%.Conclusions:The signal obtained by the blue and green channel was no angular dependence, the same as the high-energy electron beam, which verified that the Cerenkov radiation correction factor has good linearity. W2 plastic scintillator can be applied to non-coplanar radiotherapy dosimetry.

BACKGROUND: How to promote the regeneration after peripheral nerve injury, especially after large defects, is a difficulty to be solved.OBJECTIVE: To review the mechanism of Wallerian degeneration and the development of nerve conduits.METHODS: PubMed database was searched for the literatures addressing the modular mechanism of Wallerian degeneration and nerve repair using the English keywords peripheral nerve regeneration, Wallerian degeneration, nerve guidance conduits. A total of 74 eligible literatures were included based on the exclusion criteria.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Rat SARM1 and fruit fly dSARM have been found to be highly implicated in Wallerian degeneration, indicating that the changes of nicotinamide adenine nucleotide/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide may be related to the activated SARM1. Whether delaying Wallerian degeneration is good or bad is still in dispute. The future study should focus on the early inhibition of Wallerian degeneration and promotion of neuroregeneration following peripheral nerve injury.

Objective To investigate the effect of citric acid and ambroxol on clearing insoluble particles of depleted uranium in rat lungs by establishing a tracheal perfusion model.Methods One hundred and fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into model exposure group, normal control group(NC group), depleted uranium exposure group(DU), citric acid treatment group( CA) , ambroxol treatment group( AM) and citric acid+ambroxol treatment group( CA+AM) . The rats were sacrificed on 7, 15 and 30 days.Uranium content in the lungs was detected by microwave digestion method, pathological changes in the lungs were observed, and inflammatory factors of lung homogenates were detected.Results Compared to DU control group, the intrapulmonary uranium deposit amount in experimental groups was significantly reduced on 7 and 15 days (P<0.05).HE stained lung tissue showed that the pathological changes in treatment groups were less significant than in DU control group.The level of IL-1α,IL-1β,and IL-2 was significantly lower than in DU control, but the level of MCP-1 and MIP-1 was observably higher.Conclusion Citric acid and ambroxol can evidently improve the clear-ance of lung uranium and reduce damnification of lung tissues.Drug treatment can reduce the level of pulmonary inflamma-tory cytokines alleviate the chronic inflammation in the lungs, and enhance the capacity of macrophage to recruitment.

This study was aimed to establish rat bladder tumor animal models to investigate the in viva antitumor effect of polyanhydride-pirarubicin (PAD-THP), a long-lasting anti-cancer implant, in the bladder tumor of animal models. The model of bladder cancer was set up with N-butly-N-(4 hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN) feeding into rats. The PAD-THP long-acting anti-cancer implants containing the drugs and the same dose of the THP naked drug were placed under the bladder mucosa of bladder tumor model in vivo. The pirarubicin plasma concentration was measured with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) detection in vivo. The effective drug concentration and lasting period were observed and compared in the animal bodies. The tumor sizes were measured before and after the treatment. The in viva antitumor effects were analyzed and compared. The results showed that more significant antitumor effect of PAD-THP implants on the local drug release characteristics were presented compared with that of the same dose of THP bare drug group and there were significant differences (P<0. 05) between the two methods. All the results indicated that the PAD-THP anti-cancer implants in the postoperative local treatment of bladder tumors would show prosperous in the future for clinical application.
Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents ; administration & dosage ; Butylhydroxybutylnitrosamine ; Delayed-Action Preparations ; administration & dosage ; Disease Models, Animal ; Doxorubicin ; administration & dosage ; analogs & derivatives ; Female ; Implants, Experimental ; Polyanhydrides ; administration & dosage ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; pathology

Objective To evaluate the relationship between the changes in gray matter volume ( GMV) in different brain regions in the early postoperative period and the development of chronic pain after radical mastectomy. Methods Forty-four American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱpatients, aged 25-64 yr, scheduled for elective radical mastectomy, were divided into 3 groups according to the numeric rating scale ( NRS) score within 3 months after surgery: severe chronic pain group ( NRS score≥3, group SEP), slight chronic pain group (NRS score=1 or 2, group SLP) and no chronic pain group ( NRS score=0, group NP ) . All the patients underwent whole brain MRI scan within 7 days after surgery. MRI data processing and analysis were carried out using SPM8-based VBM software package and REST 1. 8 software. Results There were 17 cases in group SEP, 10 cases in group SLP and 17 cases in group NP. Compared with group NP, GMV in the right postcentral gyrus was significantly decreased, and GMV in the right superior frontal gyrus was increased in group SEP ( P＜0. 01) . Conclusion The changes in GMV in the right postcentral and superior frontal gyrus in the early postoperative period may be related to the development of chronic pain after radical mastectomy.

The present study aims to investigate the impact of hydrogen-rich water on the lactic acid level in metformin-treated diabetic rats under hypoxia. Thirty Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups, including normal diet group, and diabetes model (DM) group, DM + metformin treatment (DMM) group, DMM + hypoxia treatment (DMMH) group and DMMH + hydrogenrich water (DMMHR) group. We found that the levels of lactic acid, pyruvate and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly lower in the blood of DMMHR group than DMMH group. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels in liver and heart were significantly higher in DMMH group after hydrogen-rich water treatment, while malondialdehyde and oxidized glutathione levels were decreased in DMMHR group when compared with DMMH group, which indicates that hydrogen-rich water could reduce oxidative stress. qPCR analysis demonstrated that that pro-apoptotic genes Bax/Caspase-3 were upregulated in DM group and metformin treatment suppressed their upregulation (DMM group). However, hypoxic condition reversed the effect of metformin on apoptotic gene expression, and hydrogen-rich water showed little effect on these genes under hypoxia. HE staining showed that hydrogen-rich water prevented myocardial fiber damages under hypoxia. In summary, we conclude that hydrogen-rich water could prevent lactate accumulation and reduce oxidant stress in diabetic rat model to prevent hypoxia-induced damages. It could be served as a potential agent for diabetes patients with metformin treatment to prevent lactic acidosis and reduce myocardial damages under hypoxic conditions.

Primary hepatic carcinoma, hepatic carcinoma for short, is a common gastrointestinal tumor with an insidious onset and rapid progression, and its incidence rate is increasing year by year, seriously threatening the life and health of our people. At present, there is still a lack of specific markers for early diagnosis and treatment of hepatic carcinoma, so the research on its biological characteristics and pathogenesis has become very urgent. Metabolic reprogramming is one of the main characteristics of tumor cells, and lipid metabolic reprogramming is involved in the occurrence and development of hepatic carcinoma. Therefore, the key metabolic enzymes and regulatory molecules in the process of lipid metabolism are considered as important targets for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatic carcinoma. This paper mainly focuses on the signaling pathways and regulatory molecules related to hepatocellular carcinoma lipid metabolism, as well as the related anti-hepatoma drugs, so as to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of hepatic carcinoma.