Platycodin-D (PD) is the major monomer of triterpene saponins in the root of Platycodon grandiflorum. Recent studies have demonstrated that PD has a wide range of anti-tumor effect and its efficacy is satisfying. This article reviewed anti-tumor mechanisms of PD from the aspects of proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, immune and anti-inflammation, etc., with a purpose to provide a theoretical basis and reference for the further development and better utilization of PD and taking its anti-tumor advantage.

Aim To explore the effects of the inhibition of cell adhesion , invasion and migration in non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC ) H460 and A549 cells in-duced by platycodin-D ( PD ) and its mechanism. Methods Cell adhesion assay, wound-healing assay and Transwell chamber migration assay were used to detect the ability of cell adhesion, migration and inva-sion. Regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA was de-termined by RT-PCR. Meanwhile, Western blot was performed to determine the expression levels of MMP-2/9 , its upstream related proteins of ERK signaling pathway and p-Akt. Results PD effectively inhibited the ability of cell adhesion, invasion and migration in H460 and A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner ( P<0. 05 ) . PD reduced the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA in H460 and A549 cells ( P<0. 01 );meanwhile, PD down-regulated the expression levels of MMP-2/9 , and inhibited the expression of its upstream proteins Ras, p-c-Raf, p-ERK 1/2 and p-Akt in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Conclusions PD inhibits cell adhesion, invasion and migration in NSCLC cells, and these effects are related to the down-regulation of the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mR-NA and protein, and inhibition of its upstream expres-sion of ERK signaling pathway and p-Akt.

Objegtlve To study the effect of lipexins on the proliferation and secretion of peritoneal macrophages from patients with preeclampsia in vitro.Methods Peritoneal macrophages were obtained from 24 patients with preeclampsia(preeclampsia group)and 24 normal pregnant women(normal pregnant group)who were treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical Coilege from March to July 2007.Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in the supernatant of macrophages which were pulsed with lipoxins at different concentrations(0,10,100 nmol/L)in both groups after 48 hours.Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT)assay was used to detect the inhibition rate of cell proliferation of macrophages which were pulsed with lipoxins at different concentrations(0,10,100 nmol/L)in both groups after 24 hours.Results (1)The concentration of TNF-α:the levels of TNF-α were(1867.5±47.3),(1836.9±4.5) and (1800.5±2.7)ng/L after treatment with differed concentrations of lipoxins(0,10,100 nmol/L)in preeclampsia group vs normal pregnant group[(791.3±62.2),(789.4±2.3),(781.5±1.9)ng/L].The levels of TNF-α in preeclampsia group were significantly higher than that in normal pregnant group(P＜0.05).Lipoxins significantly inhibited the concentration of TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner in preeclampsia group (P＜0.05),while it had no significant effect in normal pregnant group(P＞0.05).(2)Cell proliferation inhibition:Incubation with lipoxins produced a dose-dependent(0,10,100 nmol/L)inhibitory effect on proliferation in preeclampsia group,[(14.8±6.3)%,(32.9±3.6)%,(36.7±3.8)%],vs normal pregnant group[(16.8±6.9)%,(16.7±5.4)%,(15.9±2.1)%].The rate of cell proliferation in preeclampsia group was significantly hisher than that in normal pregnant group.Lipoxins significandy inhibited this growth(P＜0.05),while it had no significant effect in normal pregnant group(P＞0.05).Conclusion Lipoxins can inhibit the proliferation of macrophage and secretion of TNF-α in preeclampsia in a dose-dependent manner.Lipoxins may be potentially useful in prevention and treatment of preeclampsia.

Objective To investigate the role of tolerogenic dendritic cell (tolDC) in inducing immune tolerance in liver transplantation. Methods Liver transplantation rat models of spontaneous tolerance [Brown Norway (BN)→Lewis, tolerance group, n=6] and acute rejection (AR) (Lewis→BN) were established. In AR rat models, tolDC transfusion was performed in the study group (tolDC group, n=6) and no intervention was given in the control group (AR group, n=6). The survival time of rats in each group was observed. The transplant liver tissues of rats were prepared for pathological examination in each group. The expression of myeloid dendritic cell (mDC) and plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) in rat peripheral blood, transplant liver, spleen and lymph nodes in each group was detected by flow cytometry. The expression levels of serum interleukin (IL)-10 and interferon (IFN)-γ in each group were measured by enzyme-linked immune absorbent assay. Results Pathological manifestations of rats in the AR group mainly included inflammatory cell infiltration and tissue structural disorder in transplant liver, and the survival time was 7-14 d. In the tolDC and tolerance groups, the transplant liver tissues were almost normal, and the longest survival time exceeded 100 d. Compared with the AR group, the expression levels of CD11⁺mDC in peripheral blood, transplant liver, spleen and lymph nodes of rats were significantly down-regulated in the tolerance and tolDC groups (all P < 0.05), and those of CD86 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)Ⅱon the surface of CD11⁺mDC were also significantly down-regulated (all P < 0.05). Compared with the AR group, the expression levels of pDC in peripheral blood, transplant liver, spleen and lymph nodes of rats were significantly up-regulated in the tolerance and tolDC groups (all P < 0.05), whereas those of MHCⅡon the surface of pDC were all significantly down-regulated (all P < 0.05). Compared with the AR group, the expression levels of serum IL-10 were significantly up-regulated, and IFN-γ were significantly down-regulated in the tolerance and tolDC groups (all P < 0.05). Conclusions As tolDC subsets, mDC and pDC play a positive role in regulating the incidence of graft immune tolerance in rats after liver transplantation.

Objective To investigate the etiology，clinical manifestations，imaging features，and treatment of superficial siderosis of the central nervous system （SSCNS）. Methods A patient confirmed with SSCNS was reported.Sixty-one patients confirmed with SSCNS were found through a search of China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang Data and were analyzed in categories for the epidemiology， etiology， clinical manifestations， and laboratory test results. Results Among the 61 patients with SSCNS reported in the literature， ataxia was the most common clinical symptom （49 cases， 80%）， followed by hearing loss （43 cases，70%） and pyramidal signs（30 cases， 49%）.A probable cause was found in 25 （39%） of these cases. Conclusion SSCNS can last for several years or even decades， with hearing loss， ataxia， and pyramidal signs as its main clinical symptoms.Magnetic resonance imaging is the most valuable basis for diagnosis， and susceptibility-weighted imaging is more sensitive in the diagnosis of microhemorrhage.

Objective To explore the mechanism underlying the anti-hemorrhoid effects of Qingji Liangxue mixture(QLM).Methods Models of acute hemorrhoid in rats were established using a croton oil preparation(COP)and glacial acetic acid.A total of 80 SD female rats were randomly divided into two major groups:the COP group and the glacial acetic acid group,each consisting of 40 rats.In the COP group,rats were further randomly assigned to the following subgroups:control group 1(group CA),model group 1(group CB),low-dose QLM group 1-1(group CC),high-dose QLM group 1-2(group CD),and diosmin group 1(group CE),with eight rats in each subgroup.In the glacial acetic acid group,rats were randomly divided into the following subgroups:control group 2(group GA),model group 2(group GB),low-dose QLM group 2-1(group GC),high-dose QLM group 2-2(group GD),and diosmin group 2(group GE),with eight rats in each subgroup.Except for the control groups,all other subgroups were treated with COP or glacial acetic acid then treated with various drugs for 7 days.HE staining was used to observe anorectal histomorphology induced by COP and glacial acetic acid.ELIS As were used to measure serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α induced by COP.Additionally,the area of perianal ulcers induced by glacial acetic acid was recorded.Twenty-four C57 mice were randomly divided into a control group(group A),low-dose QLM group(group B),high-dose QLM group(group C),and adrenal chromazone tablet group(group D).Results QLM significantly improved the pathological injury of animal models with similar hemorrhoids,reduced the score of pathological changes induced by COP(P＜0.05),reduced the serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α(P＜0.05),reduced the area of perianal ulcers induced by glacial acetic acid(P＜0.05),and shortened the time of coagulation and bleeding(P＜0.05).Conclusions QLM has a good anti-hemorrhoid activity,which may be achieved by anti-inflammatory effects,hemostasis,and reducing tissue damage.