Objedctive To study the mechanism of GnRH agalogus(Alarelin)on[ Ca2 + ]; mobilization in stomach smooth muscle cells (SSMc)of rats. Methods Cells were cutured and loaded with Fluo-3-AM. [Ca2 + ]; was measured by nuomeent intensity(FL) in each cell with confocal micoopy. Results (1 ) In Hanks solution. l0-7, l0-6, l0 - 5mol L- 1 Alarelin can elevate[ Ca2 + ], its peak - resting values reached 6. 00 ?0. 50 .9. 23 ?0. 62. l8. 97 ?2. 42 respectively, which indicate that the level of [Ca2+ ]; act in an deede- pendent and time - dependent. (2) thntredly. when Alarelin was 10 4mol?Ｌ－１, its peak - resting value only reached 6. 32 ?0 .67, conpared with Alarelin l0 5m.l L－1 which was sigificantly lower(P 0. 05 ). (5 )When pertreatment with Lacidipine in Hanks solution, the effect of Alarelin l0 5mol L-1.as partly inhibited(P

OBJECTIVETo investigate the expression of methionine sulfoxide reductase (MsrA) in colorectal cancer stem cells and its association with the tumorigenesis and progression of colorectal cancer.

METHODSThe CD133⁺/CD44⁺/ESA⁺ subpopulation of colorectal cancer cell line SW480 was obtained by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS). The expression of MsrA, VEGF, MMP-13 and CXCR4 in the cancer cells, cancer stem cells and normal colon mucosa cells were detected using RT-PCR. The proliferation of colorectal cancer stem cells was evaluated with MTT assay.

RESULTSThe expression of MsrA was significantly higher in cancer stem cells than in the cancer cells and normal mucosa cells. Overexpression of MsrA inhibited the proliferation of colorectal cancer stem cells and down-regulated the expression of VEGF, MMP-13 and CXCR4.

CONCLUSIONSMsrA suppresses the tumorigenesis and progression of colorectal cancer cells possibly by inhibiting cell proliferation and down-regulating VEGF, MMP-13 and CXCR4.

Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; enzymology ; Down-Regulation ; Humans ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 ; metabolism ; Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases ; metabolism ; Neoplastic Stem Cells ; enzymology ; Receptors, CXCR4 ; metabolism ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; metabolism

People as third-party observers, without direct self-interest, may punish norm violators to maintain social norms. However, third-party judgment and the follow-up punishment might be susceptible to the way we frame (i.e., verbally describe) a norm violation. We conducted a behavioral and a neuroimaging experiment to investigate the above phenomenon, which we call the "third-party framing effect". In these experiments, participants observed an anonymous perpetrator deciding whether to keep her/his economic benefit while exposing a victim to a risk of physical pain (described as "harming others" in one condition and "not helping others" in the other condition), then they had a chance to punish that perpetrator at their own cost. Our results showed that the participants were more willing to execute third-party punishment under the harm frame compared to the help frame, manifesting a framing effect. Self-reported anger toward perpetrators mediated the relationship between empathy toward victims and the framing effect. Meanwhile, activation of the insula mediated the relationship between mid-cingulate cortex activation and the framing effect; the functional connectivity between these regions significantly predicted the size of the framing effect. These findings shed light on the psychological and neural mechanisms of the third-party framing effect.
Empathy ; Female ; Gyrus Cinguli ; Humans ; Neuroimaging ; Pain ; Punishment/psychology*