Clinically, routine urinalysis includes more than 10 items, such as urine protein, urinary pH, urinary bilirubin and so on. The above items are usually analyzed by dry chemical methods. The principle is that after the urine infiltrates the reagent strips, the color changes can be observed in each strip. The color depth is related to the component concentration, and the darker the color, the greater the measured component concentration, and vice versa. In this paper, four color discrimination methods in urinary dry chemical analysis were introduced, i.e. the method based on integrating sphere photoelectric conversion, the method based on charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensor, the method based on color sensor, and the method based on the combination of color sensor and fiber bundle. Besides, the four methods were compared and analyzed. Finally, the recent research progress in urinalysis was reviewed.

Objective:To study the impact of donor left hepatic vein classification and the reconstruction methods on hepatic venous outflow obstruction (HVOO) after pediatric living-donor liver transplantation using left lateral liver segments.Methods:A retrospective study was performed on the clinical data of 653 children recipients who underwent living-donor liver transplantation with left lateral liver segments from January 2014 to December 2020 at Tianjin First Central Hospital. There were 309 males and 344 females, aged 7.0 (6.0, 10.0) months, with an age range of 3-121 months. Based on the left hepatic vein on preoperative donor enhancement CT as well as the intraoperative reconstruction methods, the recipients were divided into 3 groups: type Ⅰ group ( n=514), anastomosis using a single opening was performed directly between the donor and the recipient; type Ⅱ group ( n=118), angioplasty was performed on two adjacent recipient venous orifices before anastomosis, and type Ⅲ group ( n=21), an interposition vessel was anastomosed to two widely spaced openings or the two veins were anastomosed separately. The preoperative general status of the patient, postoperative HVOO incidences, and graft and recipient survival rates were compared among the three groups. The patients were followed up by outpatient reexamination or telephone. Results:Graft to recipient weight ratio in the type Ⅲ group was smaller than that in the type Ⅰ group and the type Ⅱ group ( P<0.05). For all the 653 patients, the incidence of postoperative HVOO was 4.59% (30/653), with the incidences of HVOO in the 3 groups of patients were 4.1% for the type Ⅰ group (21/514), 5.1% for the type Ⅱ group (6/118), and 14.3% for the type Ⅲ group (3/21), respectively. There was no significant difference among the groups ( P>0.05). The recipient cumulative survival rates at 1 and 3 years after surgery in the type I group were 97.8% and 97.0%, and the corresponding rates in the type Ⅱ group were 96.5% and 94.2%, and in the type Ⅲ group were 94.1% and 86.9%, respectively. There was a significant difference between the type Ⅰ and type Ⅲ groups ( P=0.048). The graft cumulative survival rates at 1 and 3 years in the type Ⅰ group were 97.4% and 96.9%, and the corresponding rates in the type Ⅱ group were 94.9% and 92.5%, and in the type Ⅲ group were 94.1% and 86.9%, respectively. The difference in the postoperative graft cumulative survival rates between the type Ⅰ group and type Ⅱ group was significant ( P=0.044). Conclusions:The anatomy of the left hepatic vein supplying the left lateral liver segment was highly variable, and the majority of the variations could be reconstructed. A reasonable reconstructive method could reduce the incidence of postoperative HVOO and improved the outcomes of the graft.

Objective:To explore the predictive value of psoas muscle index(PMI)on early survival and complications after liver transplantation(LT)in children with biliary atresia(BA).Methods:Between January 1, 2016 and September 30, 2020, the relevant clinical data are retrospectively reviewed for 244 BA children undergoing LT at Department of Pediatric Liver Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital.Total psoas muscle area(PMA)at the level of the third lumbar endplate is measured based upon preoperative abdominal computed tomography(CT)and normalized by the square of length for obtaining the value of PMI.According to the survival at Year 1 post-LT, receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve is plotted and the cut-off value calculated.According to the cut-off value, they are divided into two groups of high PMI(173 cases)and low PMI(71 cases). Then the clinical data of 2 groups are compared.Kaplan-Meier survival curves at Year 1 post-LT are analyzed.And Cox proportional hazard model is utilized for conducting a multivariate analysis of early death.Results:The cut-off value of PMI is 534.6 mm 2/m 2.Two groups are compared in terms of age, gender, weight-for-age Z-score(WAZ), length-for-age Z-score(LAZ)and preoperative laboratory parameters ( P>0.05). Significant inter-group differences existed in the types of donors and surgery( P<0.05), and the median age of recipients in low PMI is higher than high PMI group(7.77months vs 6.57 months, P<0.01). The proportion of children with a history of Kasai surgery in low PMI group(78.87% vs 53.76%, P<0.01)and the median length of stay in hospital(23 d vs 20 d, P=0.03)is higher in low PMI group, but recipients(88.7% vs 97.1%, P<0.01)and grafts(87.3% vs 96%, P=0.01)1-year survival rate are lower.Multivariate analysis indicated that high PMI is a protective factor for early postoperative survival( HR=0.132, 95% CI: 0.028~0.626, P=0.011). Conclusions:PMI is an independent predictor of early survival post-LT and has a certain predictive value for early graft loss in BA children.