The antifungal susceptibility testing is playing important roles which include: understanding the susceptibility of the fungus to the antifungal agents and monitoring the resistance during therapy.Our purpose in this editorial is to tell the readers the proper application of MIC detection;to emphasize the clinical relevance of the in vitro susceptibility,and especially,to introduce the recent clinical study data which give the detailed explanation on the clinical relevance of MIC.

The introduction of lipid-formula Amphotericin B,Voriconazole,and Echinocandins,including Caspofungin and Micafungin,reflect the trend that the antifungal drugs are being developed along to a direction with high effect,broad spectrum,and low toxicity.These drugs undoubtedly provide novel useful approaches to the treatment of invasive fungal infections.Compared to the traditional antifungal drug,such as amphotericin B and Fluconazole,these drugs have the character of good effect and low adverse effect,which will be very important to prophylaxis and treatment for systemic fungal infections.The information concerning for these issues is being reviewed in this paper.

Objective To study the prevalence and trend of obesity among primary and middle school students in Beijing from 1985 to 2005.Methods Morphological data of students aged 7-18 from the National Physical Fitness and Health Surveillances of Chinese School Students in Beijing in 1985,1995,2000 and 2005 was analyzed with methods of cross-sectional study.The prevalence of obesity was calculated,and its secular trends was characterized.Results The prevalence of obesity among students aged 7-18 in Beijing were 0.65%,3.40%,5.23% and 8.53% respectively in the four surveillance programs with obvious rising trend which had an increase.In 2005,it was indicated that the obesity prevalence of subgroups were significantly different from each other.It was higher for males(11.11%)than females(5.98%),also for students aged 10-12(11.63%).In rural schools(6.60%)it was much 10wer than in urban(10.38%),but the areas with high SES was deemed to have a 10wer prevalence.Conclusion In the last two decades,among primary and middle school students in Beijing,obesity had changed its characteristics from sporadic to epidemic with the features of both developed and developing countries.

Objective To understand well this disease,8 children with familial periodic paralysis(FPP) were reported and the(rela)-ted literatures were reviewed.Methods The hereditary characters,clinical manifestations,auxiliary examination and managements were summarized retrospectively in 8 cases of FPP patients hospitalized from January 1996 to December 2005,and etiopathogenis and diagnosis were also analyzed.Results Six cases of FPP were diagnosed as hypokalemic periodic paralysis,and all occured as an autosomal dominant condition.During paralytic episodes,the patients showed obviously low serum potassium levels [1.9-2.8 mmol/L,(2.4?0.38) mmol/L)] and hypokalemic electrocardiogram findings,such as U-wave.The level of blood glucose was lower than normal range.Other 2 cases with normal serum potassium ion level at attack were diagnosed as normokalemic periodic paralysis with autosomal dominant pattern.One of the two cases,the level of blood glucose was lower.Thyroid functions,renal functions and electromyograms were all normal in 8 cases.Conclusions FPP is a group of relatively uncommon inherited disorders known as the skeletal muscle channelophathies.It can be diagnosed by hereditary characters,clinical manifestataions,auxiliary examinations.

In recent years,with the increasing of immunocompromised patients in clinical practice,invasive candidiasis has been increased accordingly. Although several antifungal drugs,including polyenes,azoles,5-flucytosine,and echinocandins,have been used widely to treat invasive candidiasis,the treatment failure that caused by the resistance of Candida albicans to these antifungal drugs have been reported widely. Here,we reviewed the molecular mechanisms of resistance to azoles,polyenes,5-flucytosine,and echinocandins,such that to provide an update on these issues.

· AIM: To observe the inhibitory effect of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on the proliferation of monkey choroidretinal endothelial cells (RF/6A) in hypoxia or normal conditions.retinal endothelial cells of rhesus monkey (RF/6A). The effect of TA on the cellular activity was observed by MTT,the effect on cellular proliferation and apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry (FCM).cycle were reduced and the proportion of cells in G2-M phase was increased under the hypoxia condition .TA had a great effect on the cell cycle of choroid-retinal endothelial cells of rhesus monkey and it induced apoptosis of endothelial cells. It relatively increased the S-phase cells and reduced G2-M phase cells under both normal and hypoxia conditions, which indicates its role in blocking cell cycle from s-phase to G2-M phase and reducing mitosis.RF/6A cells while TA has the opposite effect in both normal and hypoxia conditions. TA can also induce apoptosis of endothelial cells.

Objective To evaluate the susceptibility of itraconazole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus isolates to four other antifungal drugs.Methods Six strains of Aspergillus fumigatus were serially isolated from a patient with lung aspergilloma,who was resistant to itraconazole therapy.Clinical Laboratory Stan- dard Institute broth microdilution method M38-A and E-test were applied to test the susceptibility of A.fumi- gatus strains to amphotericin B,itraconazole,voriconazole,caspofungin and micafungin.Results With M38-A method,the minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC)of itraconazole was 0.5?g/mL for 2 strains and more than 16?g/mL for the other 4 strains;the MICs of amphotericin B and voriconazole were 1?g/mL and 0.25-1?g/mL respectively for all the 6 strains;and the minimal effective concentration(MEC)of caspofungin and micafungin were no more than 0.03?g/mL for all the 6 strains.Moreover,E-test results also revealed that caspofungin and voriconazole had a good antifungal activity against all the strains,including the 4 itraconazole-resistant ones.Conclusion The itraconazole-resistant A.fumigatus strains isolated from a patient with lung aspergilloma are susceptible to amphotericin B,voriconazole,caspofungin,and micafungin.

8 ?g/ml were 7 strains in prophylactic treatment group and 3 strains in non-fluconazole prophylactic treatment group respectively.The two groups had significant difference (x~2=8.75,P

Objective:To investigate the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in renal tissues of patients with hepatitis B virus- associated glomerulonephritis(HBV-GN).Methods:Twenty HBV-GN specimens with complete nephrology data and 10 normal renal specimens were randomly chosen for the present study.Cell apoptosis was detected by means of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated d-UTP nick end labeling(TUNEL)and the apoptotic index was calculated;immunohistochemistry was used to detect the protein expression of Bax and Bcl-2.ResuLts:The apoptotic index in HBV-GN group was obviously higher than that of the control group;the apoptotic cells were mainly distributed in the proximal and distal renal tubules and the collecting duct epithelial cells,seldom seen in the glomerular cells.The expression of Bcl-2 in HBV-GN patients was predominately present in the renal tubular epithelia cells(positive in the plasma,membrane and nuclear);the expression of Bax was found in both glomerular cells and renal tubular cells,mainly in tubular epithelial cells,seldom seen in Bowman's capsule or glomerular mesangial region.Conclusion:Apoptosis in the kidney of HBV-GN patients mainly occurs in the renal tubular epithelial cells;expression of Bax and Bcl-2 is mainly in the renal tubular epithelial cells,suggesting that the injury of tubular interstitial damage may be one of the important factors for the development of HBV-GN.

The oncogenic product of BCR-ABL is an abnormal tyrosine kinase that causes chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). With further research into the pathogenesis of CML, the discovery of compounds that selectively inhibit abnormal BCR-ABL tyrosine kinases is a research focus worthy of attention. The first three generations of BCR-ABL inhibitors are orthosteric inhibitors, which competitively block the binding of ABL protein tyrosine kinase to ATP and prevent it from activating downstream signals. The fourth-generation BCR-ABL inhibitors allosterically inhibit ABL protein tyrosine kinase by binding to the myristoyl pocket, providing greater selectivity and maintaining activity against drug-resistant mutations proteins. Novel drug design strategies such as proteolytic targeting chimera (PROTAC), covalent inhibitors and dual targeting inhibitors also provide new directions for the development of BCR-ABL kinase inhibitors. This paper reviews recent research advances on BCR-ABL kinase inhibitors and discusses drug design strategies for various novel BCR-ABL inhibitors.