United States is a big biofuels market and a dominant country in the research and development of advanced biofuels.It has set up an ambitious development goal and strong supportive policy measures for advanced biofuels,and implemented the Biomass Program,currently focusing on the research,development and demonstration of cellulosic biofuels,and also embarking upon the research of third generation biofuels.US government attaches great importance to related planning,analyses and inter-agency cooperation.On the basis of the progresses on the frontiers of basic and applied research,it has been vigorously advancing the demonstration and commercialization of biofuels technology,in an effort to accelerate the transition to advanced biofuels.

Objective To establish a method used for determination of Aconitine and Hypaconitine and Mesaconitine in blood by LC/MS/MS.Methods Extraction of blood sample was conducted by use of 1% thirdchloroactic acid and acetonitrile liquid,and the electrospray fog ionic source,and positive ion MRM scan were employed.Result The linearity correlation coefficients(r)was≥0.992 2.The limit of quantification (LOQ S/N=5) was 2.0 ng/ml for Aconitine,0.5 ng/ml for Hypaconitine,and 0.5 ng/ml for Mesaconitine.The recovery of appended contrast in blank blood sample ranged from 91.25% to 103.1% with coefficient of variation (CV,n=6) less than 10.93%.Conclusion The method of LC/MS/MS is sensitive and reliable,and the sample handling is quick and simple,which was suitable for determination of the Aconitine and Hypaconitine and Mesaconitine in blood sample.

AIM:To analyse the chemical constituents of volatile components from Viola yedoensis Makino. METHODS: The essential oils from Viola yedoensis Makino(collected from Jinhua city and Changchun city) were extracted by steam distillation.The chemical compounds were separated and identified by GC-MS.The relative content of each component was determined by area normalization. RESULTS: Twenty-five and twenty-three constituents were separated from Viola yedoensis Makino collected from Changchun city and Jinhua city;twenty-one and twenty-two compounds were identified respectively.The ratios of identification of total compounds were 88.00% and 91.30% respectively. CONCLUSION: There are significant difference between two varieties of Viola yedoensis Makino,the main coustituents in each plant are n-hexadecanoic acid(16.77%)and phytol(26.97%).

Objective To determine the possible differences in DNA methylation of benign and malignant thyroid tumors and its role in tumorgenesis and tumor progression. Methods Infinium human methylation 450 bead chip platform was utilized to screen the whole-genome of benign and malignant thyroid tumor tissues surgically removed from a patient for the determination of their DNA methylation levels. The genes with significant differences in methylation were analyzed for their functional pathways with bioinformatics. Results There were significant differences in DNA methylation between benign and malignant thyroid tumor. The inflammation-related pathways, such as T cell, Jak-STAT and cytokine-cytokine receptor signaling pathways involved in the biological process of tumorgenesis and tumor progression. Conclusions The differences in DNA methylation between benign and malignant reveal a close relationship between inflammation and tumorgenesis and tumor progression and provide a novel method for investigation of thyroid cancer development and target drug discovery.

Sixty SD rats of either sex, weighing 150-280g , were divided into control ( C ), vitamin E(Vit E)and SOD groups. An anesthetized open-chest preparation with LCA occlusion was perfromed for 5min, and followed by 60 min reperfusion . ECG , arterial pressure (AP), left ventricular pressure ( LVP ) , dP/dt and epicardial map-ping

Objective Study of the effects of hepatocyte growth factor on inhibit Intimal hyperplasia of the anastomotic stoma after carotid artery bypass grafting.Methods Thirty-two New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into control group and the experimental group.The veins were pretreated with saline solution(control group)only or pretreated with HGF(experimental group ;100ng/ml).The vein grafts were harvested at 14 days,28days after operation,HE Stain and Elastic fibrin Stain,The thickness of Intima and media in the vein grafts,intima-media ratio(I/M) was calculated by computer image analysis system.PCNA Immunohistochemistry was performed.Results The thickness of Intima and media in the vein grafts of control group surpassed experimental group significantly(P ＜0.01).At 14d I/M in the vein grafts of control group (0.81 ± 0.05) surpassed experimental group (0.47 ± 0.05) (P ＜ 0.01),At 28d I/M in the vein grafts of control group(0.73 ± 0.01)surpassed experimental group (0.65 ± 0.01) (P ＜ 0.01).The vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in experimental group was significantly lower than that in control group (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Treatment of veins grafts with HGF can significantly inhibit intimal hyperplasia in a rabbit carotid artery bypass grafting model.

Objective To explore the value of plasma C-peptide levels in early prediction of type 2 diabetes mellitus with peripheral sensory neuropathy.Methods The vibration perception threshold,pain,temperature sensation,touch-pressure sensation,ankle reflex was detected in 500 eases of type 2 diabetes mellitus,and the patients were divided into 4 groups according to peripheral sensory nerve test results:normal group (159 cases),mildly abnormal group (120 cases),moderately abnormal group (121 cases) and severely abnormal group (100 cases).Fasting and 2-hour postprandial C-peptide levels were determined and analysed with peripheral sensory nerve changes.The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to find the best critical point for diagnosis of diabetic peripheral sensory neuropathy.Results The fasting C-peptide among 4 groups had no significant difference (F =1.632,P ＞0.05).Two-hour postprandial C-peptide from normal group to mildly abnormal group and then moderately abnormal group gradually increased [(1.110 ± 0.526),(1.324 ± 0.490),(1.573 ± 0.716) μ g/L],while 2-hour postprandial C-peptide in severely abnormal group was significantly decreased and lower than that in normal group,and there were significant differences (P＜ 0.05).The max Youden Index was 0.366 when 2-hour postprandial C-peptide was 1.173 μ g/L.Conclusions The fasting C-peptide might be not related to early diabetic peripheral sensory neuropathy,but 2-hour postprandial C-peptide might be closely related to early diabetic peripheral sensory neuropathy.It is helpful to detect the early diabetic peripheral sensory neuropathy if we can take a dynamical observation of 2-hour postprandial C-peptide.

Objective To understand health seeking behaviors and influencing factors among freshmen before enrollment in Kunming Medical University in Yunnan Province and to find out the existing medical problems and provide advice to guarantee undergraduates' seeking proper treatment. Methods We used cluster sampling method to select 1044 freshmen whose last digit of student number was singular and questionnaire was used to do the survey which was conducted within 3 months of admission. Statistical methods were descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results The main reasons for students to see the doctor were acute diseases (29.4%) and common disease dominated by cold and fever (34.9%), most of the students went to the medical institutions because of mild medication which can be treated by taking pills. Family location for rural areas had small number of students to see the doctors, the number of students seek medical services with low income families were larger than the high counterparts;students had poor perceived health status tended to seek medical services. Conclusions Family location, incomes and perceived health status are important factors influencing health seeking behavior. The current medical insurance system for college students could be further improved, and colleges and universities should take appropriate measures to provide the conditions for students to seek proper treatment.

Objective To investigate the application of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) during thyroidectomy for external branch of superior laryngeal nerve(EBSLN).Methods From Jan.2017 to Jun.2017,138 patients undergoing thyroidectomy were randomly divided into monitor group (n=69) and the control group (n=69).The monitor group were used IONM for EBSLN,while the control group were used conventional area protection.Results The overall incidence of EBSLN injury was 1.4％(1/69) in the monitor group,and the overall incidence of EBSLN injury was 11.6％(8/69) in the control group.There was statistical significance between the two groups.Conclusion The application of IONM in thyroidectomy can exactly identify EBSLN,and reduce the possibility of EBSLN injury remarkably.

Objective:To analyze the clinical application effects of different anesthesia maintenance methods in daytime pediatric sur-gery in oral maxillofacial surgery.Methods:80 children underwent anethesia for daytime surgery in oral maxillofacial region were en-rolled and divided into 2 groups(n=40).The maintenance dose of propofol was 2-3(mg·kg)/h in venous group,that was 3％to 4％sevofluranenas in opharyngeal airway-assisted inhalation group.The heart rate,mean arterial pressure,oxygen saturation,postoperative wake-up time and incidence of adverse reactions after the local anesthesia(T1),intraoperative(T2)and end-of-surgery(T3)were re-corded and compared between the 2 groups.Results:No statistical difference in heart rate change between the 2 groups at different time points(P＞0.05).The average arterial pressure decrease and the decrease of oxygen saturationin in the inhalation group were lower than those of the venous group(P＜0.01).The incidence of adverse events in the inhalation group were lower than that of the intravenous group(P＜0.05).Conclusion:Nasopharyngeal airway-assisted inhalation anesthesia has definite sedative effect in daytime pediatric pa-tients in oral maxillofacial surgery with less influence on the circulatory system and fewer adverse events.