Objective To combine grey relation analysis and partial least squares regression model to establish the forecasting model of per-patient hospitalization expenses .Methods Gray relational analysis was used to filter out the main factors affecting per-patient hospitalization expenses ,and then collinearity was examined between these factors .Partial least squares regression was used to establish prediction model of per-patient hospitalization expenses ,and the prediction accuracy was proved .Results After filtered by gray relational analysis ,the order of the importance of factors affecting per-patient hospitalization expenses was the west-ern medicine fee ,traditional Chinese medicine fees ,diagnosis and treat fees ,other fees ,inspection fees ,bed fees and operation fees . The established partial least squares regression model had a higher accuracy on fitting and prediction ,with low average relative er-ror ,respectively ,-0 .000 2% and 0 .349 3% .Conclusion The gray relational analysis and partial least squares regression are suit-able for the influencing factors and prediction analysis of hospitalization costs .It provides a reference for data with the small sample size and high collinearity between the variables .

Objective To analyze the monitoring results of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) of Dehong State in 2017,to find out the present situation of prevention and control of IDD,and to provide scientific basis for guiding the comprehensive prevention and control of IDD in our state in the future.Methods According to "Yunnan Iodine Deficiency Disorders Monitoring Program",a sampling survey was conducted in 5 counties (cities) of Dehong State,Yunnan Province.Urine and household salt samples were collected from children aged 8 to 10 years old and pregnant women in Mangshi,Lianghe County and Yingjiang County.Iodine content was detected.In addition,household salt samples of Ruili City and Longchuan County were collected to detect iodine content.Results There were 1 609 salt samples from local inhabitants,the coverage rate of iodized salt was 99.19％ (1 596/1 609),the edible rate of qualified iodized salt was 95.03％ (1 529/1 609) and the median of iodized salt was 23.76 mg/kg.The median of urinary iodine in 623 children aged 8 to 10 years old was 221.34 μg/L and the thyroid enlargement rate was 0.48％ (3/623).The median of urinary iodine in 346 pregnant women was 159.52 μg/L.Conclusion The iodine nutrition of children aged 8 to 10 years old and pregnant women of Dehong State is appropriate in 2017.

OBJECTIVETo understand provider initiated HIV testing and counseling (PITC) in a region with high HIV/AIDS epidemic in China, and analyze its effect to early detection of HIV infections.

METHODSBetween January and December, 2013, 37 county level medical institutions were selected as the study sites, among which, 19 were public medical institutions and 18 were private institutions. According to the related regulation, procedures and contents of PITC, the study was implemented among outpatients and inpatients who seek for doctors in these medical institutions and PITC were provided for them. The 'Individual Investigation Form' was used to record the information and high-risky factors, and the respondents were taken venous blood and given HIV screening and confirmation. All available serum samples of newly found HIV/AIDS cases were tested using the BED HIV Incidence Capture Enzyme Immunoassay (BED-CEIA) to differentiate the long-term infections and new infections (early detected infections). Chi-square analysis was used to compare the differences of characteristics of newly infected patients.

RESULTSBetween January and December, 2013, a total of 37 medical institutions provided PITC. 55 164 person times were received HIV screening, among which 658 were HIV positive, and 598 were confirmed to be HIV positive. The 598 cases were all provided transferring service. The differences of age, marital status, education levels, transmission routes and testing institutions had statistical significance to early detection (χ(2) equals to 23.54, 10.50, 17.96, 21.22 and 4.80; P equals to < 0.001, 0.005, < 0.001, < 0.001 and 0.029, respectively). And the early detection proportions among patients aged from 20 to 29 and from 50 to 84 were 47.1% (114/242) and 42.1% (24/57), respectively; the proportions among single and married patients were 37.8% (56/148) and 38.9% (143/368), respectively; the proportion among patients with high school education levels were 42.6% (26/61); the proportion among patients transmitted by fixed heterosexual sexual partners was 46.0% (86/187); the proportion among private hospitals was 40.3% (58/144).

CONCLUSIONA certain proportion of HIV infections were early detected by PITC in this region. The HIV early detection proportions among specific age group and population with spouse/fixed sexual partners were relatively high.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; China ; Counseling ; Early Diagnosis ; Epidemics ; HIV Infections ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Marital Status ; Mass Screening ; Middle Aged ; Outpatients ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo conduct health economic evaluation of the prevention of mother-to-child HIV among pregnant women in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province, China from 2004 to 2013.

METHODSData on cost were collected mainly from the annual prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) reporting system of Dehong prefecture, and supplemented by HIV PMTCT-related resource allocation data from local health bureau. Effectiveness indexes were from local continuous HIV surveillance system and annual reported data. Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis were used to conduct the health economic evaluation.

RESULTSFrom 2004 to 2013, 283980 pregnant women were screened for HIV, 2 059 were detected as positive, and the HIV positive rate was 0.73%. The total cost of the PMTCT program was 14 227 000 RMB after discounting, and the unit cost of positive case finding was 4 200 RMB. A total of 26 cases of adults and 325 infants were avoided HIV infection, and the cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) was 40 500 RMB/case. The total obtained quality adjusted life years (QALY) from the program was 8 911.5, each one of which cost 1 600 RMB/QALY. If the feeding pattern were breast feeding, CER would be 42 800 RMB/case and each one of QALY would cost 2 200 RMB.

CONCLUSIONBased on the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis, the HIV PMTCT of Dehong prefecture had economic value, which indicates that continued investment is needed to strengthen local HIV PMTCT work.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Adult ; Child ; China ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Female ; HIV Infections ; Health ; Humans ; Infant ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; Mothers ; Pregnancy ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years

Objective To understand the current status of receiving no methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and influencing factors in HIV infected injecting drug users (IDUs) in Dehong Dai and Jingpo autonomous prefectures,Yunnan province.Methods Data of survival of IDUs with AIDS in Dehong were collected from "Chinese National Comprehensive HIV/AIDS and Care Information System" in December,2014.Results There were 987 IDUs who should receive MMT,the majority of them were males (94.6％,934/987),aged 35-44 years (53.0％,523/987) and farmers (77.2％,762/987).Among the 987 IDUs,60.2％ (592/987) received no MMT.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that being female (OR=2.66,95％CI:1.21-5.87),in Jingpo ethnic group (OR=3.05,95％CI:1.97-4.71) were the major risk factors for receiving no MMT;not being farmers (OR=0.46,95％CI:0.31-0.70),in Dai ethnic group (OR=0.53,95％CI:0.36-0.79),diagnosed HIV infection history ≥ 10 years (OR=0.60,95％CI:0.45-0.81) were the major protective factors for receiving no MMT.The reasons for receiving no MMT included long distance journey (289,48.8％),fear of exposure (124,20.9％),poor daily medication compliance (59,10.0％),fear of side effects (47,7.9％),others (73,12.3％).Conclusions The proportion of receiving no MMT in IDUs with AIDS in Dehong was high.Being female and farmer,in Jingpo ethnic group,low educational level,short diagnosed HIV infection history were influencing factors for receiving no MMT.The effective intervention measures should be taken to further improve MMT coverage according to the different characteristics of the patients.

Objective: To obtain HIV incidence among injection drug users (IDU) and female sex workers (FSW) in Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan Province during 2009-2017. Methods: We recruited drug users and female sex workers from all sentinel surveillance sites across Dehong Prefecture during 2009-2017. A total of 10 480 IDU and 18 126 FSW in Dehong Prefecture were recruited by fingerprint technique. Data about drug uses, commercial sexual behavior, sociodemographic characteristics was collected by structured questionnaire. HIV-positive patients who were long-term infected or with CD4⁺ T cell count was ≤200 were not included for further HIV incidence testing. Also, those who self-identified as on antiretroviral treatment (ART) or AIDS cases were also excluded. A total of 841 and 157 plasma specimens from IDU and FSW that met the inclusion criterion were finally included, respectively. Limiting antigen avidity enzyme immunoassay(LAg-Avidity EIA) were performed to calculate the HIV incidence among these two sub-populations. Results: A total of 3 444 IDU were HIV-positive, among which 884 (25.7%) were Burmese with age of (30.4±7.7), and 2 560 were Chinese with age of (36.6±7.3). Among 228 HIV-positive FSW, 109 (47.8%) were Burmese with age of (27.1±6.3), 119 (52.5%) were Chinese with age of (29.9±11.1). For IDU, the estimated HIV incidence among Burmese in 2009-2010, 2011-2012, 2013-2014, 2015-2017 was 4.20% (95%CI: -0.55%-8.95%), 7.75% (95%CI: 2.95%-12.55%), 11.79% (95%CI: 5.38%-18.20%), 10.30% (95%CI: 5.67%-14.94%), respectively, while Chinese were 3.11% (95%CI: 1.59%-4.64%), 0.03% (95%CI: -0.03%-0.08%), 1.55% (95%CI: 0.54%-2.57%), 0.58% (95%CI: -0.06%-1.04%), respectively. In 2009-2011, 2012-2014, 2015-2017, estimated HIV incidence among Burmese FSW was 0.22% (95%CI: -0.21%-0.64%), 1.24%(95%CI: 0.15%-2.32%), 0.55%(95%CI: 0.01%-1.08%). Whereas, estimated HIV incidence among Chinese FSW was 0.62% (95%CI: 0.25%-0.98%), 0.11% (95%CI: -0.04%-0.26%), 0.22% (95%CI: 0-0.44%). Conclusion HIV incidences among Chinese IDU and FSW are on the downward trend, while Burmese IDU and FSW seem to be gaining momentum.

Objective: To study the prevalence and correlates of unprotected sexual intercourse within HIV serodiscordant couples in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan Province, China, in 2014. Methods: This study was based on the follow-up investigation of "the AIDS cohort of seronegative spouses of HIV-infected individuals in Dehong prefecture" in 2014. The 1 520 participants were HIV seronegative spouses from all five counties/cities of Dehong prefecture who voluntarily participated in the cohort. Inclusion criteria included: having a HIV-positive spouse; ≥16 years of age; having had sexual intercourse with spouse in the past year; and being a resident of Dehong prefecture. Information on HIV-positive spouses were also collected through the local AIDS epidemic database. Chi square analysis was performed to compare differences in the rates of unprotected sexual intercourse between participants with different characteristics and lifestyle choices. Multivariable logistic regression model analysis was performed to determine correlates with unprotected sexual intercourse. Results: The 1 520 participants had a mean age of 38.7±9.4, compared with 39.7±8.9 for their HIV-positive spouses. Among the HIV-positive spouses, 77.8% (1 183/1 520) had been infected for more than 3 years, and 87.6% (1 332/1 520) had received antiretroviral therapy. The prevalence of unprotected sexual intercourse within serodiscordant couples over the past 12 months was 16.1% (244/1 520). The prevalence of unprotected sexual intercourse correlated with the level of education of HIV-negative spouses (illiterate vs. middle school and above, OR=1.58, P=0.044), the number of years since diagnosis of HIV-positive spouses (short vs. long, OR=1.6, P=0.006), antiretroviral therapy of HIV-positive spouses (no vs. yes, OR=2.78, P<0.001), the frequency of sexual intercourse per month (high vs. low, OR=1.66, P=0.019), and whether the couple had children (no vs. yes, OR=1.72, P=0.007). Conclusion The prevalence of unprotected sexual intercourse within serodiscordant couples in Dehong prefecture was relatively high in 2014. Factors found to correlate with the occurrence of unprotected sexual intercourse within these couples included illiteracy of HIV-negative spouses, short time since diagnosis of HIV-positive spouses and lack of antiretroviral therapy, high frequency of sexual intercourse and no children.

Objective:To investigate the distributions of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes among newly reported HIV/HCV co-infected Burmese patients in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province from 2016 to 2019.Methods:A total of 1 289 newly reported HIV/HCV co-infected Burmese patients in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture were collected through the National Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Comprehensive Prevention and Control Data Information System From January 2016 to December 2019. Among them, 996 subjects with a plasma volume of ≥200 μL were selected to perform HIV and HCV genotyping. The HIV pol gene, the HCV core protein-binding envelope protein ( CE1) gene and non-structural protein 5B ( NS5 B) gene were amplified using the nested polymerase chain reaction.The phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA 7.0 software to classify the genotypes. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Trend chi-square test was used to analyze the trend of HIV and HCV genotypes. Results:Among the 996 cases with HIV/HCV co-infection, HIV and HCV sequences from a total of 554 subjects (55.6%, 554/996) were successfully obtained, and the genotypes of HIV and HCV were diverse. HIV genotype C (40.3%, 223/554) and BC recombinant (33.6%, 186/554) were the most prevalent, followed by genotype B (6.5%, 36/554) and circulating recombinant form (CRF)01_AE (3.6%, 20/554). HCV genotype 3b was the most prevalent (31.2%, 173/554), followed by genotype 6u (19.5%, 108/554), 1a (17.5%, 97/554), 6n (11.4%, 63/554), 3a (8.7%, 48/554) and 6xg (6.3%, 35/554). The prevalence of HIV genotype C showed a downward trend ( χtrend2=7.23, P<0.001), while the prevalence of BC recombinant showed an upward trend ( χtrend2=5.97, P<0.001), and the proportion of BC recombinant was higher than genotype C in 2019 (54.9%(101/184) vs 21.7%(40/184)). However, there were no statistically significant differences in the proportions of genotype 3b, 6u and 1a from 2016 to 2019 ( χtrend2=1.43, 1.79 and 0.39, respectively, P=0.152, 0.074 and 0.695, respectively). The HIV genotype distribution among patients with different ethnic groups were significantly different ( χ2=22.06, P=0.037). Conclusions:The diversity of HIV and HCV genotypes is high and complex among HIV/HCV co-infected Burmese patients in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture. BC recombinant shows a trend of becoming the predominant HIV genotype among these co-infected patients. Therefore, surveillance of the prevalence of HCV and HIV genotypes in Burmese population needs to be further strengthened.

Objective To explore the distribution of HIV subtype in newly detected people living with HIV from January to November,2015 in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture,Yunnan province.Methods DNA extraction,reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for gag,env,and pol amplification and amplification product sequencing were conducted by using plasmas of newly detected HIV-infected persons.The subtypes were confirmed by analyzing the sequences of 3 genes.Results A total of 963 HIV infection cases were reported during this period,the HIV subtype was confirmed in 499 cases.Unique recombinant form (URF) was the most common subtype (27.1％,135/499),followed by C (26.7％,133/499),CRF01_AE (19.2％,96/499) and others.URF included 4 kinds of combination,of which combination of subtype B and C was most common.HIV subtype distribution differed between the Chinese HIV infection cases and the Burmese HIV infection cases,the proportion of B and C combination was higher in the Chinese cases.Transmission route was the only factor influencing H1V subtype distribution.Conclusions HIV subtype distribution in Dehong was complex.URF was predominant.The HIV subtype distribution differed between Chinese and Burmese under different transmission route.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of newly reported HIV infections in Chinese and Burmese residents during 2012-2016 in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan province (Dehong) and to provide evidence for the development of related programs on prevention and control.Methods All the HIV infections who were newly reported during 2012-2016 in Dehong,were recruited as the study subjects,with epidemiological characteristics of the cases analyzed by using the software SPSS 22.0.Results A total of 5 692 HIV infections were newly reported between 2012 and 2016 (including 5 592 in this study),in which the Chinese patients accounted for 43.3％ (2 419) and the rest 56.7％ (3 173) were Burmese.Differences in age,gender and other social characteristics of these newly reported HIV infections were statistically significant between the Chinese and the Burmese (all p-values ＜0.05).Most cases were males and between the age of 20-49 years old.Other characteristics of the patients would include:having had primary school education,married,being farmers,and with CD4+ T cells counts ≥350 cells/μl.HIV infection was mainly transmitted through sexual contact among the Chinese patients but through injecting drug use among the Burmese patients.Conclusions Epidemiological characteristics of the newly reported HIV infections were different between the Chinese and the Burmese,between 2012 and 2016 in Dehong.Targeted prevention and control programs should be taken.