Objective To investigate the sequences of the 3' end of genomes from enterovirus 71 isolated from pediatric patients with different symptoms in Beijing during 2008-2009.Methods Clinical specimens were collected from pediatric patients suffering from hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD)and/or with neurological complications who visited the affiliated Children's Hospital during the epidemic seasons of 2008 and 2009 in Beijing.The samples were inoculated into the Vero cell line,and the virus isolates were further identified by nested reverse transcription-nested PCR(RT-nPCR)assay using universal enterovirus primers,type specific primers for EV71 and CA16.The 3' end of genomes(including 3D and 3' UTR regions)from 10 EV71 strains derived from various clinical presentations were amplified and sequenced.Results Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the amplified fragments showed that the 3' end of genomes of 10 EV71 isolates include the 3D region of 1386 nucleotides(nt)encoding the 3D polymerase(3Dpol,462 amino acids),the terminator codon TGA and 3' UTR of 81 nt.Nucleotide sequence identities among 3D regions from these 10 EV71 isolates were in the range of 95.8%-99.6%,while the nucleotide sequence identities for 3' UTR were 96.3%-100%.The majority of nucleotide changes were located at the third codon positions which caused silent mutations,thus the amino acid sequence changes of 3Dpol among those 10 EV71isolates were scanty.The residues 140 and 263 which were R and 1 were substituted by K and V,respectively in 3 of 4 neurovirulent strains,whereas only 1 of 6 strains from mild cases had these 2 amino acid changes.The sequences of the 3D and 3' UTR regions of 10 EV71 isolates were compared to the representative strains of known genotypes from the GenBank.The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of 10 EV71 isolates in the 3D region exhibited highest homology to the subgenotype C4 of EV71(92.7%-94.2%and 96.8%-97.6%.respectively).However,3' UTR of 10 EV71 isolates shared the highest nucleotide identity with CA16/G10(88.9%-91.4%).The phylogenetic analysis based on the 3D regions demonstrated that 10 EV71 isolates had the closest genetic relationship with the representative isolate of CA sub-genotype of EV71 and shared more homology with CA16/G10 than other known genotypes of EV71.Conclusion Genetic analysis of the 3' end of genomes from 10 EV71 strains indicated that the 3' end of genome may play a role in the evolution of EV71.

Objective To investigate the etiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children in spring and summer from 2007 to 2008 in Beijing and the characteristics of the disease by virus isolation and to provide the scientific evidence for prevention and treatment for HFMD. Methods During April to August, 2007 and May to September, 2008, 356 clinical specimens including 255 throat swabs and 101 vesicle fluids were collected from 256 patients with HFMD who visited the Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics and children with severe HFMD with neural system complications from Ditan Hospital and Youan Hospital All of the specimens were inoculated into Vero cells for virus isolation. After the cell pathogenic effects (CPE) appeared, the isolates were identified by RT-PCR with the universal primers within 5'untranslated region of enterovirus and typed by specific primers for VP1 gene of EV71 and CA16, respectively. The throat swabs from all of 10 severe HFMD were tested for enterovirus by RT-PCR addition to virus isolation. Results Out of 256 patients, 188 were positive for enterovirus by virus isolation, with the overall positive rate of 73.4%. Among the 356 clinical specimens collected from these 256 patients, 239 enterovirus strains were isolated with the overall positive rate of 67.1%. The positive rate for virus isolation from vesicle fluid samples was 75.2% which was higher than the positive rate of isolation from throat swabs (63.9%), but the time for CPE appearing in cell culture showed no significant difference. The positive rate of virus isolation from throat swabs from children with severe HFMD was 50% (5/10) which was lower than overall positive rate (73.4%) from regular HFMD. The RT-PCR typing for virus isolates revealed that among 45 enterevirus strains isolated from the specimens collected in 2007 by the universal primer pairs, 43 were CAI6 (95.6%, 43/45) and 2 were EV71 (4.4%, 2/45), whereas for the specimens collected in 2008, out of 143 enterovirus isolates by PCR with universal primers, 117 were EV71 (82.4%, 117/142) and 24 were CA16 (16.8%, 24/142). All of 10 severe cases were positive for EV71 by RT-PCR directly from clinical specimens. Conclusion CA16 and EVT1 were the etiological pathogens of HFMD in Beijing during 2007 to 2008 HFMD seasons. The dominant type of enterovirus was different between 2007 and 2008. Enterovirus type CA16 was predominant in 2007, whereas EV71 was predominant in 2008. All of severe cases of HFMD in children in this study were caused by EV71.

Objective To investigate the status and clinical and epidemiological characteristics of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and human bocavirus (HBoV) infections in children with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) in Taiyuan. Methods A total of 549 children with ARTIs from November 2012 to May 2013 and November 2013 to May 2014 were recruited. The pharyngeal swab specimens were collected. The hMPV and HBoV were detected by using real-time PCR. Results In 549 children, 56 children (10.2%) were hMPV positive on swab specimens, 15 children (2.7%) were HBoV positive on swab specimens. The detection rates of hMPV and HBoV in November 2012 to May 2013 were 12.3%and 2.0%, respectively, and in November 2013 to May 2014 were 6.5%and 4.0%, respectively. The detection rate of hMPV was signiifcantly different between two periods (P<0.05), while the detection rate of HBoV has no signiifcant difference between two periods. In different months, the detection rate of hMPV and HBoV showed no signiifcant difference. The highest detection rates of hMPV and HBoV were all in children younger than two years old. The highest detection rate of hMPV was in children with asthmatic bronchitis or bronchiolitis. Conclusion In Taiyuan, during the monitoring periods, the ARITS are associated with childhood hMPV and HBoV infection especially in infants and toddlers. hMPV is one of the most important pathogens in infants and toddlers with wheezing.

Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a distant branch of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. Recent studies indicate that GDF-15 plays important physiological roles and has clinical implication in the initiation and development of various cardiovascular diseases. GDF-15 can both be used as a biomarker for the evaluation of cardiovascular disease occurrence and progression and a predictor for the risk stratification and long-term prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this review is to illustrate the latest research progress of GDF-15 in atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndrome obtained through the clinical research and basic experiments in cardiovascular diseases, to provide evidence for the selection of GDF-15 as useful biomarkers in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of influenza virus infections in infants and young children during the pandemic period of 2009 influenza A(H1N1)in Beijing.Methods Throat swabs were collected from children visited the affiliated Children's Hospital to Capital Institute of Pediatrics for influenza-like illness from June 1,2009 to February 28,2010.The specific gene segments of 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 and seasonal influenza viruses were amplified from samples by real-time RT-PCR recommended by WHO and National Influenza Reference Center of China.Results Out of 4363 clinical samples tested by real-time RT-PCR,the total positive rate of influenza A viruses was 29.3%,including 623(14.3%)identified as 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1)and 657(15.1%)influenza A viruses without subtype identity.Among those pandemic influenza H1N1 positive,23 were severe cases with 5 deaths.The ages for 618 pandemic influenza H1N1 infected children with completed information were from 14 days to 16 years.The ratio of male to female wag 1.3:1.Among them,25.2% were patients in age group of 1 to 3 years old and distribution of children in age groups of 3 to 6 years old and 6 to 12 years old were similar(about 30.0%).During the survey period,it appeared only one prevalence wave of pandemic influenza H1N1.The positive rate of pandemic H1N1 increased in September and the peak(36.5%of positive rate)was in November and then declined to 2.7%in February 2010.The data from routine influenza virus surveillance from 20-30 clinical samples collected each week indicated an alternative prevalence of seasonal H3N2,pandemic H1N1 and influenza B during this study period.Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)became predominant in children after the circulating of pandemic H1N1.Conclusion There was an epidemic of pandemic influenza H1N1 in children in Beijing from June 2009 to February 2010,especially in those of preschool and school aged children.Seasonal influenza viruses and pandemic influenza H1N1 were contributed alternatively.

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)bronchiolitis and molecular biological characteristics of RSV in children in Beijing. Method: In a systematic retrospective study, 2 296 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) were collected from children diagnosed with bronchiolitis from July 2006 to June 2016 for respiratory virus screening using direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA). For specimens positive for RSV, subgroup A or B was confirmed by real time RT-PCR and genotype of RSV was determined by amplifying the full G glycoprotein gene and sequencing. Clinical data were evaluated by the modified Tal score to compare the severity between RSV subtypes, as well as genotypes. Statistical analyses were performed using t test, Mann-Whitney U test and χ² test. Result: In 2 296 bronchiolitis cases, 961(41.9%) were RSV positive, including 719(74.8%) RSV A and 236 (24.6%) RSV B. The dominant RSV subtype changed from year to year: A-A-B-B-A-A-B-AB-A-AB and more bronchiolitis cases were identified in RSV A dominant years. Six genotypes of RSV A (NA1, NA2, NA3, NA4, GA5 and ON1) and 5 genotypes of RSV B (BA3, BA7, BA9, BA10 and CB1) were prevalent in Beijing. The dominant genotypes of RSV A were NA1 (55.9%) with high rates (50.0%-100%) before 2014 and ON1 (39.1%), mainly detected after 2014, while BA9 (90.6%) was the absolute dominant RSV B genotype. No significant difference in the severity of bronchiolitis was shown between cases of RSV A and B. Children positive for NA1 were more likely to stay longer in hospital (Median time: 8 days) compared to the group positive for ON1(Median time: 6 days ) (U=1.035, P=0.005) and had higher proportion of moderate to severe degree symptoms (Moderate: 41.0%, Severe: 10.0%) compared with ON1 group (Moderate: 22.9%, Severe: 4.3%) (U=9.785, P=0.008). In the group positive for ON1, more children had fever (ON1: 38.6%, NA1: 15.0%) (χ²=11.064, P=0.001) and more were younger than 3 months(ON1: 54.3%, NA1: 33.0%) (χ²=77.408, P<0.001). Conclusion The dominant RSV subgroup changed from year to year with a shifting pattern. The correlation between RSV genotypes and the severity of disease was documented in the study.

Objective:To investigate the effects of matrine on proliferation, apoptosis and radiotherapy sensitivity of uveal melanoma cells.Methods:An animal experiment study. In vitro experiment: MuM2B cells of human choroidal melanoma were randomly divided into control group and matrine 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00 g/L groups. The cell morphology was observed by transmission electron microscope. Cell proliferation was detected by thiazole blue colorimetry. The mRNA and relative expression levels of CyclinD D (CyclinD), B lymphoblastoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax) were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. In vivo experiment: BALB/C mice were injected with MuM2B cell suspension subcutaneously on the back of forelimb to prepare transplanted tumor model. After successful modeling, they were randomly divided into blank group and matrine treatment group with different concentrations. Mice in blank group were injected with phosphate buffer subcutaneously. Mice in different matrine treatment groups were injected with 15, 25, 50, 100 mg/kg matrine subcutaneously, respectively, for 7 consecutive days. The tumor was weighed and its volume was measured after the last administration. Single factor analysis of variance was used to compare different groups. The t test was used for pairwise comparison between groups. Results:In the control group, the cell structure was normal, the distribution was uniform, and no or rare nuclear pyknosis was seen. With the increase of matrine dosage, the nuclear pyretosis increased gradually and cell morphology changed obviously. Compared with the control group, the cell survival rate in 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 g/L groups gradually decreased with matrine concentration increasing and treatment time prolongating, the relative expression levels of CyclinD and Bcl-2 mRNA and protein gradually decreased, and the relative expression levels of Bax mRNA and protein gradually increased. Under the same radiation dose X-ray irradiation, the cell survival rate of 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 g/L groups gradually decreased, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Compared with blank group, the tumor weight and volume of mice in different doses of matrine group were significantly decreased, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Matrine can down-regulate the expression of CyclinD and Bcl-2, up-regulate the expression of Bax, promote the apoptosis of MuM2B human melanoma cells, inhibit cell proliferation, and enhance cell radiosensitivity.

Objective To explore the role of pharmaceutical care in the treatment of patients with pulmonary infection secondary to suppurative thrombophlebitis. Methods The treatment of a patient diagnosed with pulmonary metastatic infection secondary to suppurative thrombophlebitis and the whole process of clinical pharmacists participating in the monitoring were analyzed retrospectively. The use of antibiotics was evaluated, and the experience of coagulation management in suppurative thrombophlebitis was explored. Results Based on the infection site, characteristics of septic thrombus, monitoring of vancomycin blood concentration, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics characteristics of antibiotics, clinical pharmacists provided comprehensive pharmaceutical services for clinicians and patients in terms of anti-infection scheme adjustment, optimization of vancomycin individualized treatment, anticoagulant timing. Patient’s systemic infection and septic thrombus can be effectively controlled and which promotes the treatment of patients with suppurative thrombophlebitis. Conclusion Clinical pharmacists can play an important role in the treatment team of severe patients to improve the rational use of antibiotics.

Objective:To compare the efficacy of the combination of abidol, lopinavir/ritonavir plus recombinant interferon α-2b (rIFNα-2b) and the combination of lopinavir/ritonavir plus rIFNα-2b for patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang province.Methods:A multicenter prospective study was carried out to compare the efficacy of triple combination antiviral therapy and dual combination antiviral therapy in 15 medical institutions of Zhejiang province during January 22 to February 16, 2020. All patients were treated with rIFNα-2b (5 million U, 2 times/d) aerosol inhalation, in addition 196 patients were treated with abidol (200 mg, 3 times/d) + lopinavir/ritonavir (2 tablets, 1 time/12 h) (triple combination group) and 41 patients were treated with lopinavir/ritonavir (2 tablets, 1 time/12 h) (dual combination group). The patients who received triple combination antiviral therapy were further divided into three subgroups: <48 h, 3-5 d and >5 d according the time from the symptom onset to medication starting. The therapeutic efficacy was compared between triple combination group and dual combination group, and compared among 3 subgroups of patients receiving triple combination antiviral therapy. SPSS 17.0 software was used to analyze the data.Results:The virus nucleic acid-negative conversion time in respiratory tract specimens was (12.2±4.7) d in the triple combination group, which was shorter than that in the dual combination group [(15.0±5.0) d] ( t=6.159, P<0.01). The length of hospital stay in the triple combination group [12.0 (9.0, 17.0) d] was also shorter than that in the dual combination group [15.0 (10.0, 18.0) d] ( H=2.073, P<0.05). Compared with the antiviral treatment which was started within after the symptom onset of in the triple combination group, the time from the symptom onset to the viral negative conversion was 13.0 (10.0, 17.0), 17.0 (13.0, 22.0) and 21.0 (18.0, 24.0) d in subgroups of 48 h, 3-5 d and >5 d, respectively ( Z=32.983, P<0.01), while the time from antiviral therapy to viral negative conversion was (11.8±3.9), (13.5±5.1) and (11.2±4.3) d, respectively( Z=6.722, P<0.05). Conclusions:The triple combination antiviral therapy of abidol, lopinavir/litonavir and rIFNα-2b shows shorter viral shedding time and shorter hospitalization time, compared with the dual combination antiviral therapy; and the earlier starting triple combination antiviral therapy will result in better antiviral efficacy.

Objective:To clarify the infection and epidemic characteristics of the human metapneumovirus (HMPV) in Chinese patients with febrile respiratory syndrome (FRS), and to provide important baseline data for clinical diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of HMPV-induced respiratory tract diseases in China.Methods:FRS cases from January 2009 to June 2021 in 9 provinces in China, including Beijing, Hebei, Jilin, Shandong, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Anhui, Guangdong, Hunan were retrospectively analyzed for their respiratory samples, clinical and epidemic data.The respiratory samples were detected for HMPV by quantitative real-time PCR.Results:A total of 11 660 cases were tested for HMPV, involving 296 (2.54%) HMPV-positive cases.Among 296 HMPV-positive cases, 218 were single HMPV infection, and 78/296 (26.35%) were co-infected with one or more respiratory viruses.HMPV mainly affected children under 5 years of age (3.10%), and in this population, the proportion of pneumonia in HMPV co-infection cases was significantly higher than that of single HMPV infection.HMPV could be detected all year round, which was more popular in winter and spring, with the peak of HMPV epidemic in March.Conclusions:HMPV is one of the important pathogens causing acute respiratory infection in children, showing a clear seasonal epidemic.HMPV can be infected alone or in combination with other respiratory viruses, which may increase the risk of pneumonia in children.