Aim To explore the molecular mechanism of interrelationship between thioridazine-induced learning and memory decline and the production of ?-amyloid (A?) in the rat brain. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with thioridazine of 10 mg?kg-1?d-1 for 2 weeks in order to suppress cognition by inhibition of dopamine, acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. Morris water maze was used to measure spatial learning and memory performance. The A? content of brain was measured by radioimmunoassay. Immunohistochemistry was employed to determine ?-amyloid precursor protein (APP) level. The mRNA levels of APP,?-secretase and ?-secretase in brain were detected by RT-PCR. Results Thioridazine treatment to rats resulted in spatial learning and memory impairment shown by longer escape latency. Total A? was significantly increased by 1.3 times in thioridazine-treated rats. APP-immunoreactivities in cortex and hippocampus of thioridazine-treated rats were more pronounced than those of control rats. Levels of APP751 plus APP770 mRNA,?-secretase mRNA in brain increased nearly 2.5 and 2.6 folds respectively in thioridazine treated-rats, but no differences in mRNA levels of APP695 and ?-secretase were found between thioridazine-treated and control rats. Conclusion The thioridazine-induced cognitive decline is related to the increase of A? caused by elevation of APP751,APP770 and ?-secretase expression.

ObjectiveOptimize the latex perfusion technique and apply it to the construction of a murine craniofacial venous vascular model.Methods A total of nine 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice weighing (25.0±1.3) g were randomly divided into three groups: 60% latex physiological saline group, 60% latex heparin group, and 30% latex heparin group. After completion of the perfusion, the specimens were immersed in 4 °C formalin fixative for 24 h, followed by dissection, observation, and measurement of the extracranial blood vessel diameters. Results After 200 μL latex perfusion solution was injected into the external jugular vein, the supraorbital vein, infraorbital vein, temporal vein, retrofacial vein, masseter vein and external jugular vein were perfused in each group.After comparing the perfusion degree of the distal branches of blood vessels, sublingual vein and tip venule, it was found that the 30% latex heparin group had the best perfusion effect, followed by the 60% latex heparin group, and the 60% latex saline group had the worst perfusion effect.ConclusionThe optimized latex perfusion technique can effectively infuse the veins in the head and face of mice, and this technique can provide a good reference for the study of the direction and morphology of facial veins in mice.