BACKGROUND:Host immune response triggered by plaque biofilm is an initiator of periodontitis progression and destruction.Macrophages are an important component of the innate immune response,which play an important role in inflammation occurrence and development. OBJECTIVE:To review the relationship between macrophage polarization and periodontitis and the related progress in the treatment of periodontitis by regulating macrophage polarization. METHODS:PubMed and CNKI databases were searched for relevant literature published from 1990 to 2023,with"macrophage polarization,M1/M2 macrophage,periodontitis,periodontitis treatment,macrophage polarization and periodontitis,osteoimmunology,ferroptosis,macrophage polarization and ferroptosis,periodontitis and ferroptosis"as the English and Chinese search terms.After the initial screening,96 articles were selected for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The switch between different phenotypes of macrophages is closely related to the tissue destruction caused by periodontitis,and various cytokines and inflammatory mediators secreted from macrophages are involved in the destruction and repair of periodontal tissue.Therefore,regulation of macrophage polarization and cytokine secretion in inflammatory state helps to alleviate periodontitis inflammation and improve the periodontal microenvironment,thereby reducing tissue destruction or promoting periodontal tissue regeneration.Many studies have been conducted to develop drugs or biomaterials to modulate macrophage function for the purpose of immunomodulatory treatment of periodontitis.However,macrophages act throughout the development of periodontitis and play an important role in the process of anti-infection,bone destruction and bone repair,and polarization is a complex and dynamic process influenced by many factors.Therefore,further exploration on possible mechanisms is still needed to clarify the interaction between materials or drugs and macrophages.

Primary hepatocytes are widely used in drug metabolism and toxicity assessment. As the culture of primary hepatocytes in vitro is a process of dedifferentiation, hepatocytes lose normal metabolic detoxification function gradually. The mechanism of hepatocyte dedifferentiation has been not clear so far. TFs play an important role in the dedifferentiation and non-parenchymal cells can maintain the function of hepatocytes in vitro. However, the current methods cannot be used in effective identification and quantitative analysis of a large number of TFs. In this paper, the mo-culture system (only primary hepatocytes) and co-culture system (primary hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells) were established. The cells were cultured for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h as monolayer. The changes of TFs during the culture were obtained by TOT (Transcription factor response elements on tip) transcription factor enrichment method and mass spectrometry. A total of 219 TFs were identified in three individual replicates. The result revealed that up-regulated TFs were enriched in cell proliferation, death and immune response pathways, and down-regulated TFs were involved in metabolism pathway. The establishment of such culture-TFs identification system is of great significance to reveal the mechanism of primary hepatocyte dedifferentiation and crosstalk between hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells.