OBJECTIVE: To provide valuable reference for China in formulating and evolving pricing policy on patent drugs.METHODS: The current pricing policy on patent drugs in Sweden and its outcome were analyzed,and then its implication for Chinese medical & health market were summarized.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that market information should be taken into full consideration and drugs price supervision system should be established in making pricing policy so as to avoid information asymmetry in pricing game and ensure effective utilization of social medical insurance resources.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pricing policy on the patent drugs in UK.METHODS: The current pricing policy on patent drugs in UK and the outcome of the policy were analyzed and its characteristics and applicable condition were summarized.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: Current pricing policy on patent drugs in UK provided incentives for the research & development as well as innovation of drugs and it helped to keep UK's pharmaceutical industries in the global leading level.However,there is no mechanism within it to take explicit account of therapeutic value of drugs.Also,it provides weak incentives to invest in the most cost-effective yet clinically demanded drugs and it has limited effect on price control of drugs.

OBJECTIVE:To study the international experiences on essential medicine policy and to provide useful reference for the establishing and improving of essential medicine policy in China.METHODS:The practice and experiences on essential medicine policy of countries at different level of national income were analyzed.RESULTS & CONCLUSION:Experiences from Austria,India,South Africa and Zimbabwe etc suggest that a good strategy to improve the availability of essential medici-nes should give priority consideration to the pharmaceutical system and develop essential medicine policy on the basis of a holistic framework including essential formulary as well as rational pricing and reimbursement systems.

Objective: To analyze the influencing factors for the 20-69-year-old residents in Anhui Province with substandard physiques, so as to provide a basis for improving the physiques of population. Methods : The 2014 physical fitness survey data of residents aged 20-69 years in Anhui Province were collected, including demographic information, physical exercise status and physical indicators ( height, weight, vital capacity, blood pressure and so on ). The physiques of residents was rated according to the "National Fitness Standards" ( 2003 edition ) . The multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors for substandard physiques in different age groups. Results: Among 39 803 residents recruited, 5 081 were rated as substandard physiques and the rate was 12.77%. The rates of substandard physiques in the residents aged 20-<40, 40-<60 and 60-69 years were 11.08%, 13.11% and 16.74%, respectively. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, gender, household registration, education level, occupation and time spent each exercise were the influencing factors for substandard physiques among the residents aged 20-<40 years ( P<0.05 ); age, household registration, education level, occupation and physical exercise were the influencing factors for substandard physiques among the residents aged 40-<60 years ( P<0.05 ); age, gender, education level, occupation, physical exercise and time spent each exercise were the influencing factors for substandard physiques among the residents aged 60-69 years ( P<0.05 ). Conclusions The residents aged 20-69 years in Anhui Province have higher rate of substandard physiques in the 2014 survey. Age, education level, occupation and physical exercise may affect physical fitness and vary in different age groups, thus interventions should be carried out according to age.

In this study, 1 065 infants and young children aged 24 months below in ethnic minorities gathering in poor rural areas in poor rural areas of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province and Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province were investigated for their anemia status from October to November 2014, and the association between anemia and the utilization of maternal and child health services was analyzed. The prevalence of anemia in this area was 52.68%(561/1 065). After the adjustment of socio-demographic characteristics of mothers and infants, compared with infants aged 2-5 months, Han ethnic group, and infants whose mother was not anemic, the OR(95%CI) values of infant anemia for infants aged 6-12 months, 13-8 months, 19-24 months, ethnic minorities group, and infants whose mother was anemic were 11.65 (7.09-19.14), 9.91 (5.99-16.38), 5.87 (3.39-10.16), 1.55 (1.10-2.18) and 1.52 (1.14-2.04), respectively; Compared with infants whose child examination times not up to standard, and who were not only non-hospital delivered but also received inadequate number of inoculation, the OR (95%CI) values of infant anemia for infants whose child examination times up to standard, and who were not only hospital delivered but also received adequate number of inoculation were 0.60 (0.38-0.94) and 0.71 (0.52-0.98), respectively. The infants anemia is associated with the utilization of maternal and child health services.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of intensive rosuvastatin therapy on adhesion molecules in patients with peripheral atherosclerosis and explore the possible upstream mechanism.

METHODSTwenty asymptomatic patients with peripheral atherosclerosis were enrolled and given 5-20 mg/day rosuvastatin for 3 months. Before and after the treatment, the lipid profile and plasma vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) levels were examined. The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the mononuclear cells was measured using flow cytometry, and the mRNA and protein expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) were detected using RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively.

RESULTSCompared with the baseline levels, ICAM-1 expression decreased and PPARγ protein expression increased in the lymphocytes. Rosuvastatin therapy did not produce obvious effects on plasma VCAM-1 level or ICAM-1 expression in the monocytes in these patients.

CONCLUSIONRosuvastatin produces anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing the expression of ICAM-1 in mononuclear cells, and its upstream mechanism may involve the PPARγ pathway.

Atherosclerosis ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Cell Adhesion Molecules ; metabolism ; Female ; Fluorobenzenes ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Monocytes ; drug effects ; metabolism ; PPAR gamma ; metabolism ; Pyrimidines ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Rosuvastatin Calcium ; Sulfonamides ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 ; metabolism

Objective To study the role of dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) in assessing early curative effect of rosuvastatin on carotid atherosclerotic plaques.Methods Twenty-five patients with lipid-rich necrotic core carotid atherosclerotic plaques received intensive rosuvastatin treatment (5-20 mg/d) for 2 years,and carotid artery DCE-MRI at baseline before treatment and at months 3,12 and 24 after rosuvastatin treatment.Their adventitial transfer constant (K) and fractional plasma volume (Vp) were measured and compared during the rosuvastatin treatment.Results The Vp was significantly smaller at months 3,12 and 24 after rosuvastatin treatment than at baseline before rosuvastatin treatment (0.09±0.05,0.07±0.04 and 0.06±0.05 vs 0.12± 0.06,P＜0.05) with a reduction of 25.0％ after 3 months of rosuvastatin treatment and a gradual reduction after 24 months of rosuvastatin treatment (P＜0.05).The adventitial K was mildly reduced after 24 months of rosuvastatin treatment (P＞0.05).Conclusion DCE-MRI can assess the early curative effect of rosuvastatin on carotid atherosclerotic plaques.

To determine the impact of Cysticercus cellulose (C. cellulose) infection on mental health among school-aged children in Tibetan agricultural areas of Sichuan Province.
 Methods: In October 2015, all primary schools located in Tibetan agricultural areas in Yajiang, Ruoergai, and Muli county of Sichuan Province were selected as the research sites. All school-aged children at five- and six-grade were enrolled for the study by a multistage stratified cluster sampling method. Antibodies against C. cellulose were detected. Mental Health Test and questionnaire survey were conducted for school-aged children to collect data. The impact of C. cellulose infection on mental health among school-aged children was analyzed with the multilevel linear regression.
 Results: A total of 2 453 school-aged children were investigated. The C. cellulose seropositive rate was 6.03% (148/2 453). There were 0.16% (4/2 453) patients with seropositive accompanied by seizure, 2.28% (56/2 453) with seropositive accompanied by headache, 2.08% (51/2 453) with seropositive accompanied by frequent weak, and 0.41% (10/2 453) were seropositive accompanied by frequent nausea. The rate of C. cellulose infection was 4.53% (111/2 453). The mean score of the mental health test was 6.59±2.61. There were significant difference in score of mental health test in children whose demographic characteristics were different. The mental health scores of school-aged children were clustered at the school level. After controlling the factors of demographic characteristics, the result of multilevel model demonstrated that the factor of school-aged children with C. cellulose seropositive accompanied by headache was statistically significant (β=1.14, P=0.017).
 Conclusion: The status of C. cellulose infection among school-aged children in Tibetan agricultural areas is not optimistic. C. cellulose infection has impacted on mental health of local school-aged children. It is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of C. cellulose infection in epidemic area.
Animals ; Child ; Cysticercosis ; complications ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Cysticercus ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Neurodevelopmental Disorders ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Tibet ; epidemiology

ObjectiveTo analyze the trends, cooperation, topics and hotspots of researches about multi-level rehabilitation service system in China. MethodsThe literature on multi-level rehabilitation service system in China was searched and screened in databases of CNKI from 1983 to 2023. The number of the articles was described, and the cooperation, research hotspots and changing trend were analyzed using VOSviewer. ResultsA total of 4 643 articles were included. The number of the articles tended to increase and developed in stages. Nine groups with five or more researchers were found, and seven of them cooperated with each other. The most frequent keywords were community-based rehabilitation (occurrence 1 251 with connection strength 1 780), stroke (occurrence 674 with connection strength 1 126), family rehabilitation (occurrence 412 with connection strength 514), rehabilitation nursing (occurrence 178 with connection strength 240) and quality of life (occurrence 156 with connection strength 311). The researchers initially focused on disability rehabilitation, then focused on community-based rehabilitation and family rehabilitation, and gradually focused on the quality of life, activities of daily living, satisfaction, mental health, negative emotion and healthcare consortium in recent years. ConclusionThe researches about multi-level rehabilitation service system are developing in China, focusing on community-based rehabilitation, stroke, family rehabilitation, rehabilitation nursing and quality of life. The cooperation among scholar groups need to be strengthened. Quality of life, activities of daily living, satisfaction, mental health, negative emotion and healthcare consortium may be the hotspots in the future.