OBJECTIVE: To provide valuable reference for China in formulating and evolving pricing policy on patent drugs.METHODS: The current pricing policy on patent drugs in Sweden and its outcome were analyzed,and then its implication for Chinese medical & health market were summarized.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that market information should be taken into full consideration and drugs price supervision system should be established in making pricing policy so as to avoid information asymmetry in pricing game and ensure effective utilization of social medical insurance resources.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pricing policy on the patent drugs in UK.METHODS: The current pricing policy on patent drugs in UK and the outcome of the policy were analyzed and its characteristics and applicable condition were summarized.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: Current pricing policy on patent drugs in UK provided incentives for the research & development as well as innovation of drugs and it helped to keep UK's pharmaceutical industries in the global leading level.However,there is no mechanism within it to take explicit account of therapeutic value of drugs.Also,it provides weak incentives to invest in the most cost-effective yet clinically demanded drugs and it has limited effect on price control of drugs.

OBJECTIVE:To study the international experiences on essential medicine policy and to provide useful reference for the establishing and improving of essential medicine policy in China.METHODS:The practice and experiences on essential medicine policy of countries at different level of national income were analyzed.RESULTS & CONCLUSION:Experiences from Austria,India,South Africa and Zimbabwe etc suggest that a good strategy to improve the availability of essential medici-nes should give priority consideration to the pharmaceutical system and develop essential medicine policy on the basis of a holistic framework including essential formulary as well as rational pricing and reimbursement systems.

Objective: To analyze the influencing factors for the 20-69-year-old residents in Anhui Province with substandard physiques, so as to provide a basis for improving the physiques of population. Methods : The 2014 physical fitness survey data of residents aged 20-69 years in Anhui Province were collected, including demographic information, physical exercise status and physical indicators ( height, weight, vital capacity, blood pressure and so on ). The physiques of residents was rated according to the "National Fitness Standards" ( 2003 edition ) . The multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors for substandard physiques in different age groups. Results: Among 39 803 residents recruited, 5 081 were rated as substandard physiques and the rate was 12.77%. The rates of substandard physiques in the residents aged 20-<40, 40-<60 and 60-69 years were 11.08%, 13.11% and 16.74%, respectively. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, gender, household registration, education level, occupation and time spent each exercise were the influencing factors for substandard physiques among the residents aged 20-<40 years ( P<0.05 ); age, household registration, education level, occupation and physical exercise were the influencing factors for substandard physiques among the residents aged 40-<60 years ( P<0.05 ); age, gender, education level, occupation, physical exercise and time spent each exercise were the influencing factors for substandard physiques among the residents aged 60-69 years ( P<0.05 ). Conclusions The residents aged 20-69 years in Anhui Province have higher rate of substandard physiques in the 2014 survey. Age, education level, occupation and physical exercise may affect physical fitness and vary in different age groups, thus interventions should be carried out according to age.

Objective To explore the expressions and significance of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP),hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP),human fibrinogen (Fib),D-Dimer and blood gas analysis in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH).Methods Totally 135 patients with AECOPD were divided into single AECOPD group (n =75) and AECOPD + PH group (n =60).The value of pulmonary systolic pressure (PASP) was measured by echocardiography.Serum BNP,hs-CRP,D-Dimer,Fib levels and arterial blood gas analysis indexes such as p(CO2) and p(O2) were compared between two groups.Results The levels of hs-CRP,BNP,D-Dimer and p(CO2) in AECOPD + PH group were significantly higher than those in AECOPD group (P ＜ 0.05),while p (O2) in AECOPD + PH group was significantly lower than that in AECOPD group.Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the levels of hs-CRP,Fib,BNP,D-Dimer and p (CO2) were positively correlated with pulmonary artery pressure (P ＜ O.05),and p (02) was negatively correlated with PASP (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The hs-CRP,Fib,BNP,and D-Dimer participate in the formation of AECOPD complicated with pulmonary hypertension,and systemic inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AECOPD complicated with pulmonary hypertension.

Objective To explore the expressions and significance of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP),hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP),human fibrinogen (Fib),D-Dimer and blood gas analysis in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH).Methods Totally 135 patients with AECOPD were divided into single AECOPD group (n =75) and AECOPD + PH group (n =60).The value of pulmonary systolic pressure (PASP) was measured by echocardiography.Serum BNP,hs-CRP,D-Dimer,Fib levels and arterial blood gas analysis indexes such as p(CO2) and p(O2) were compared between two groups.Results The levels of hs-CRP,BNP,D-Dimer and p(CO2) in AECOPD + PH group were significantly higher than those in AECOPD group (P ＜ 0.05),while p (O2) in AECOPD + PH group was significantly lower than that in AECOPD group.Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the levels of hs-CRP,Fib,BNP,D-Dimer and p (CO2) were positively correlated with pulmonary artery pressure (P ＜ O.05),and p (02) was negatively correlated with PASP (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The hs-CRP,Fib,BNP,and D-Dimer participate in the formation of AECOPD complicated with pulmonary hypertension,and systemic inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AECOPD complicated with pulmonary hypertension.

In this study, 1 065 infants and young children aged 24 months below in ethnic minorities gathering in poor rural areas in poor rural areas of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan Province and Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province were investigated for their anemia status from October to November 2014, and the association between anemia and the utilization of maternal and child health services was analyzed. The prevalence of anemia in this area was 52.68%(561/1 065). After the adjustment of socio-demographic characteristics of mothers and infants, compared with infants aged 2-5 months, Han ethnic group, and infants whose mother was not anemic, the OR(95%CI) values of infant anemia for infants aged 6-12 months, 13-8 months, 19-24 months, ethnic minorities group, and infants whose mother was anemic were 11.65 (7.09-19.14), 9.91 (5.99-16.38), 5.87 (3.39-10.16), 1.55 (1.10-2.18) and 1.52 (1.14-2.04), respectively; Compared with infants whose child examination times not up to standard, and who were not only non-hospital delivered but also received inadequate number of inoculation, the OR (95%CI) values of infant anemia for infants whose child examination times up to standard, and who were not only hospital delivered but also received adequate number of inoculation were 0.60 (0.38-0.94) and 0.71 (0.52-0.98), respectively. The infants anemia is associated with the utilization of maternal and child health services.

Objective To analyze the interventional effect of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen(HFNC)therapy in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)combined with hypercapnia.Methods A total of 45 patients with stable COPD complicating with hypercapnia who require long-term oxygen therapy were selected as study subjects.They were divided into three groups based on different respiratory support modes:long-term home oxygen therapy(LTOT)group,non-invasive ventilation(NIV)group,and HFNC group,with 15 patients in each group.The general condition,blood gas index,lung function index,respiratory status,quality of life,and walking test results of the three groups were compared after discharge.Results During the follow-up period,the number of admission and acute exacerbation in the HFNC group and NIV group was lower than that in the LTOT group(P＜0.05).At 6 and 12 months after discharge,the arterial partial pressure of car-bon dioxide[pa(CO2)]in the three groups was lower than before discharge,while the arterial partial pressure of oxygen[pa(O2)],pulse oxygen saturation(SpO2),forced vital capacity(FVC),and forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV1)were higher than before discharge.Moreover,the changes in the above indicators in the HFNC group were greater than those in the NIV group and LTOT group(P＜0.05).At 1-,3-,6-,and 12-month after discharge,the scores of dyspnea scale of the modified Medical Research Council(mMRC)and the St.George's Respiratory Questionnaire(SGRQ)in the three groups gradually decreased,and the 6-minute walking distance(6MWD)grad-ually increased.Additionally,the changesin the above indicators in the HFNC group were greater than those in the NIV group and LTOT group(P＜0.05).Conclusion HFNC can effectively alleviate dyspnea symptoms,improve lung function,promote the recovery of blood gas indicators,enhance quality of life and exercise tolerance,and reduce re-hospitalization rates in patients with stable COPD combined with hypercapnia.

Objective To analyze the interventional effect of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen(HFNC)therapy in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)combined with hypercapnia.Methods A total of 45 patients with stable COPD complicating with hypercapnia who require long-term oxygen therapy were selected as study subjects.They were divided into three groups based on different respiratory support modes:long-term home oxygen therapy(LTOT)group,non-invasive ventilation(NIV)group,and HFNC group,with 15 patients in each group.The general condition,blood gas index,lung function index,respiratory status,quality of life,and walking test results of the three groups were compared after discharge.Results During the follow-up period,the number of admission and acute exacerbation in the HFNC group and NIV group was lower than that in the LTOT group(P＜0.05).At 6 and 12 months after discharge,the arterial partial pressure of car-bon dioxide[pa(CO2)]in the three groups was lower than before discharge,while the arterial partial pressure of oxygen[pa(O2)],pulse oxygen saturation(SpO2),forced vital capacity(FVC),and forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV1)were higher than before discharge.Moreover,the changes in the above indicators in the HFNC group were greater than those in the NIV group and LTOT group(P＜0.05).At 1-,3-,6-,and 12-month after discharge,the scores of dyspnea scale of the modified Medical Research Council(mMRC)and the St.George's Respiratory Questionnaire(SGRQ)in the three groups gradually decreased,and the 6-minute walking distance(6MWD)grad-ually increased.Additionally,the changesin the above indicators in the HFNC group were greater than those in the NIV group and LTOT group(P＜0.05).Conclusion HFNC can effectively alleviate dyspnea symptoms,improve lung function,promote the recovery of blood gas indicators,enhance quality of life and exercise tolerance,and reduce re-hospitalization rates in patients with stable COPD combined with hypercapnia.

Objective To explore and organize the standards of rehabilitation big data. Methods The connotation and extension of rehabilitation big data were discussed based on International Classification of Functioning,Disability and Health(ICF)framework.Referring to the documents of Guidance on the analysis and use of routine health information systems rehabilitation module,Rehabilitation in health systems:guide for action,Rehabilitation indicator menu:a tool accompanying the Framework for Rehabilitation Monitoring and Evaluation(FRAME),and Data quality assurance.Module 1.Framework and metrics,the sources,patterns,clas-sification systems and coding standards were discussed under the ICF theory,and the metadata standards were ex-plored.The application and management of rehabilitation big data standards were discussed according to Nation-al Health Medical Big Data Standards,Security and Service Management Measures(Trial). Results The rehabilitation big data included rehabilitation service data and personal health data,coming from population-based and institution-based data,covering macro,meso and micro levels.The pattern of rehabilitation data flow corresponded to the interaction and source of the entire process of rehabilitation service,to organize and manage rehabilitation big data.The classification system included object classes,object feature classes,participant role classes,relationship classes,and activity and event classes,each of which was further subdivided into subcatego-ries to cover the entities,features,roles,relationships and activities involved in the rehabilitation process.The metadata standards included three levels:core,general and specialized metadata,ensuring standardized manage-ment,sharing and interoperability of rehabilitation data. Conclusion This study delves into the standardization of rehabilitation big data based on the ICF framework,encompass-ing multiple dimensions such as the connotation and extension of rehabilitation big data,data sources,data mod-els,classification systems,coding standards,and metadata standards.The construction of a rehabilitation big data standard system involves standardization efforts in various aspects,including data content,data structure,data coding,and metadata.These standards not only adhere to the norms of data flow,but also take into account the complexity of data composition.This system aligns with health big data standards,ensuring data consistency,ac-curacy,and interoperability,thus providing a foundation for effective exchange and comparison between different data sources.The establishment of a rehabilitation big data standard system not only ensures the standardized pro-cessing of rehabilitation big data,but also lays a solid foundation for effective exchange between rehabilitation big data and other health data,as well as for the widespread application of rehabilitation big data.This provides crucial support for improving the quality and efficiency of rehabilitation services,ensuring that patients receive appropriate care,rehabilitation and support.It holds significant theoretical and practical implications for promot-ing the development of the rehabilitation field.