Application of a number of philosophical ideas is instructive in eliminating the opposition on the doctors'right to inform and the patients right to being informed,building a harmonious relations between doctors and patients and correctly understanding and carrying out the informed consent.

Objective To explore the occupational stressors and the coping strategies in the newly-employed nurses and to explore their relationships. Method The survey was done among 193 registered nurses with less than 3 years working experience using the occupational stressor scale for Chinese nurses, the simplified coping strategies questionnaire and a self-designed general demography form. Results The total score on occupational stressors was 2.27 ± 0.56, which was at a common level. Postive and negative coping style were 1.88 ± 0.44 and 1.04 ± 0.51. The stressors together with the dimensions were positively correlated with negative coping strategies (P<0.05). Conclusion Nursing administration should improve work environment, provide enough manpower for patient care, carry out training system to focus on education for newly employed nurses, and provide advice and help for them when they need.

Objective: To establish a method of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) to determine the origin of sika deer bones.Methods: The DNA in the bone samples was extracted after decalcification, and then amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).The origin of the samples was further identified using RFLP analysis.Results: The bone samples of sika deer and red deer could be distinguished from those of pig, bovine and dog by PCR.And the samples of sika deer and red deer could be further distinguished by RFLP through the analysis of the length of restriction enzyme XbaI.Conclusion: A RFLP method is established to determine the origin of sika deer bones.

Re-evaluation of bioequivalence of generic drugs is one of the key research focus currently. As a means to ensure consistency of the therapeutic effectiveness of drug products, clinical bioequivalence has been widely accepted as a gold standard test. In vitro dissolution testing based on the theory of the BCS is the best alternative to in vivo bioequivalence study. In this article, the conventional dissolution method and flow-through cell method were used to investigate the dissolution profiles of domestic amoxicillin capsules in different dissolution media, and the absorption behavior of the drugs with different release rates (t85% = 15-180 min) in the gastrointestinal tract was predicted by Gastro Plus. The flow-through cell method was thought better to reflect the release characteristics in vivo, and amoxicillin capsules with regard to the release rates up to 45 min (t85% = 45 min) were having a satisfied bioequivalence with the oral solution according to the C(max) and AUC. Although two different dissolution profiles of domestic amoxicillin capsules were found by flow-through cell methods, prediction results revealed that domestic capsules were probably bioequivalent to each other.

Presently, there are many issues in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) decoction, such as the uncertain sources of TCM, the lack of reminder for medication taboo, the nonstardard herb operation, and difficult supervision, etc. A digital service system of TCM decoction was established to solve the problems mentioned above. The digital service system mainly includes automatic coding for checking in & out, drug medication taboo database, digital operation in decoction, distribution through 2D code, the corresponding application for mobile phone, and the information supervision platform for TCM decoction. The digital service system of TCM decoction can track the quality & duty of the pieces, remind decoction medicine contraindications, improve the standard operation process of decoction, develop decoction distribution & tracking through cell phone, save the waiting time, and hence provides a new supervising method for TCM decoction. The digital service system of TCM decoction solves the key issues for the formula, operation, delivery and supervision of TCM. In the same vein, this system will expand the market share of TCM decoction and promote the development of TCM.

Objective To obtain the economic data in the aspects of cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of neonatal congenital hypothyroidism(CH) screening in Foshan City and to make assessment on the effect of screening works.Methods The economic related data were collected by the screening center,literatures,official resources and questionnaire investigation.The statistical tool and Tree Age Pro health decision analysis software were used to conduct the assessment on the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of screening works.Results The screening program invested 17.95 million Yuan in total during 2000-2007,and the gain benefits was 117.69 million Yuan,net benefit was 9 975.52 ten thousand Yuan.The cost-benefit ratio was 1.00∶6.56.Each investing 3 216 Yuan could avoid a disability-adjusted life year.Conclusion The CH screening item has good economic applicability and is worth investing more funding for further promotion and popularization.

OBJECTIVE:To study the international experiences on essential medicine policy and to provide useful reference for the establishing and improving of essential medicine policy in China.METHODS:The practice and experiences on essential medicine policy of countries at different level of national income were analyzed.RESULTS & CONCLUSION:Experiences from Austria,India,South Africa and Zimbabwe etc suggest that a good strategy to improve the availability of essential medici-nes should give priority consideration to the pharmaceutical system and develop essential medicine policy on the basis of a holistic framework including essential formulary as well as rational pricing and reimbursement systems.

Objective To investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)and expression levels ofα-adducin(ADD1)gene in coronary artery disease (CAD)patients.Methods Extracted DNA and RNA samples of peripher-al blood white cells from 114 CAD patients and 116 healthy individuals in Jan 2011 to Oct 2013 from the General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force.SNPs of rs3775067 and rs1263359 mutations in the ADD1 gene were analyzed with allele-specific flu-orogenic oligonucleotide probes combining hybridization.The gene expression levels were analyzed with fluorescence labeled and capillary electrophoresis technology.Results The frequencies of the genotypes and alleles of the two SNPs in the ADD1 gene were not significantly different between the two groups (χ2=0.018~1.317,all P>0.05).The ADD1 gene expression levels of CAD group (0.226±0.284)were obviously higher than that of control group (0.153±0.144,P<0.05).The gene expression levels of TC genotype of rs3775067 were obviously higher in CAD group (0.250±0.319)than that of control group (0.154±0.156,P<0.05),but the levels of the other genotypes had no significant difference between the two groups (t=0.557~1.867,all P>0.05).Conclusion The elevated ADD1 gene expression level would be risk factor for CAD.The polymorphisms of rs3775067 and rs1263359 had no relevance with CAD susceptibility.

Objective To use the fluorescence PCR‐melting curve method to detect CYP2C9 and VKORC1 gene polymorphism in Xinjiang Hui population ,to analyze their gene distribution and gene mutation frequency ,and to evaluate the clinical applicability of the fluorescence PCR‐melting curve method .Methods The fluorescence PCR‐melting curve method and sequencing method were adopted to contrastively detect CYP2C9*2 ,CYP2C9*3 and VKORC1(‐1639G/A)gene polymorphism .Results Among detected 228 Xinjiang Hui individuals ,199 cases of CYP2C9*1/*1 ,2 cases of CYP2C9*1/*2 ,26 cases of CYP2C9*1/*3 and only 1 case of CYP2C9*3/*3 were detected ,no case of CYP2C9*2/*2 and CYP2C9*2/*3 was detected .Two kinds of allele G and A were detected for VKORC1(‐1639G/A) ,in which VKORC1‐1639G/G type was detected in 2 cases ,VKORC1‐1639G/A type was detected in 39 cases and VKORC1‐1639A/A type was detected in187 cases ,compared with the sequencing method ,the results of the fluorescence PCR‐melting curve method were completely consistent .Conclusion Xinjiang Hui population also has CYP2C9 gene *2 ,*3 loci and VKORC1 gene(‐1639G/A) locus polymorphism ,their occurrence frequency has a certain difference with Xingjiang Uygur and other regional populations ,the adopted fluorescence PCR‐melting curve method used in the gene polymorphism detection can meet clinical detection requirements .

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between tumor-infiltrating mast cell (TIM) and the clinicopathological and prognostic factors of patients with colorectal cancer.MethodsA total of 282 cases of paraffin-embedded colorectal cancer specimens were obtained from the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2002 to December 2005.The density of TIM was determined by immunohistochemical staining.According to the mean TIM density detected [ ( 8.4 + 6.5 )/HPF ],all the patients were divided into low-TIM density group (mean TIM density ＜8.4/HPF) and high-TIM density group (mean TIM density ＞8.4/HPF).The clinicopathological factors and the prognosis of patients between high-TIM density group and low-TIM density group were compared.All data were analyzed using the t test or chi-square test.The survival curve was drawn using the Kaplan-Meier method,and the survival of the patients was analyzed by the Log-rank test.The clinicopathological factors were analyzed retrospectively with the univariate and multivariate COX regression model.ResultsTIM was detected in all the patients with colorectal cancer.Significant differences were observed in the number of patients in N stage and TNM stage between patients in the high-TIM density group and those in the lowTIM density group (x2 =6.025,7.410,P ＜ 0.05 ).All patients were followed up till September 2010,the 5-year overall and tumor-free survival rates of patients were 82.9％ and 63.1％ in the low-TIM density group,79.0％ and 59.3％ in the high-TIM density group,with significant difference between the 2 groups (P ＜ 0.05 ).COX proportional hazard regression model revealed that high density of TIM was associated with short overall survival time and tumor-free survival time of colorectal cancer patients ( RR =2.119,95 ％ CI 1.326- 3.386; RR =2.084,95 ％ CI 1.357-3.199,P ＜0.05).The resuhs of multivariate analysis showed that high density of TIM was the independent factor influencing the overall survival time and tumor-free survival time (RR =1.651,95％ CI 1.009-2.702; RR =1.680,95％ CI 1.074-2.629,P ＜ 0.05 ).ConclusionHigh density of TIM is correlated with the N stage and TNM stage of colorectal cancer,and it is an independent predictor of poor survival for patients with colorectal cancer.