The pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) has not been fully elucidated. Abnormal gastrointesti-nal dynamics and visceral hypersensitivity were its main pathophysiological basis. Abnormal expression of neu-ropeptides can affect the visceral sensation, secretion and movement, leading to the occurrence of IBS. This article reviewed the relationship between neuropeptides and IBS from the following neuropeptides: 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), and somatostatin (SS). It provided reference evidences for the elucidation of IBS pathogenesis.

As an important nucleus of basal ganglia, globus pallidus was concerned to involve in the neural mechanism of Parkins's disease (PD). Previous studies of PD patients and animal model indicate that neurotransmitters and receptors are changed in globus pallidus neurons, the balance between inhibition and excitation is broken in the output nuclei of basal ganglia, and globus pallidus neurons display bursting and oscillatory discharge, the synchronous tendency of neighboring neurons enhances. These neurophysiological changes are associated with PD symptoms, such as bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor, which reflects that globus pallidus plays an important role in the process of PD. In the present paper, the recent advances in pathophysiology in globus pallidus, its clinical application in treatment of Parkinson's disease, and the study direction in the future are reviewed.

Objective To explore the risk factors of local relapse and distant metastasis after radical resection of lung adenocarcinoma.Methods A total of 102 patients with lung adenocarcinoma operated in First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2005 to January 2010 were collected.The correlation between clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis was evaluated by single-factor and multi-factor analyses.The survival curves were plotted using Kaplan-Meier.Single-factor analysis of statistical difference was tested using Log-rank test.Multi-factor analysis of prognostic factors were produced by COX regression proportional hazards model.Results In the whole group,1,2,3 and 5 year disease-free survival rates were 74.30％,58.00％,51.50％ and 44.90％ respectively,and the median disease-free survival was 30 months.Single-factor analysis showed that tumor size (x2 =9.951,P =0.002),clinical type (x2 =8.460,P =0.004),differentiated degree (x2 =4.807,P =0.028),lymph node metastasis (x2 =40.516,P =0.000),pathological stage (x2 =38.769,P =0.000) were prognostic factors for local relapse and distant metastasis in postoperative patients with lung adenocarcinoma.Muti-factor analysis showed that tumor size (OR =1.943,95 ％ CI:1.091-3.463,x2 =5.082,P =0.024),differentiated degree (OR =2.570,95 ％ CI:1.451-4.552,x2 =10.467,P =0.001),lymph node metastasis (OR =3.196,95％ CI:1.037-9.849,x2 =4.096,P =0.043) were independent prognostic factors for local relapse and distant metastasis in postoperative patients with lung adenocarcinoma.Conclusion Tumor size,differentiated degree and lymph node metastasis are independent prognostic factors for local relapse and distant metastasis in postoperative patients with lung adenocarcinoma.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of acupuncture in treating Oxycodone hydrochloride-induced constipation in cancer pain patients.Method Sixty cancer pain patients with Oxycodone hydrochloride-induced constipation were randomized into a treatment group and a control group, 30 cases in each group. The treatment group was intervened by acupuncture, while the control group was by oral administration of lactulose oral solution. The therapeutic efficacies were compared after 2-week treatment, and the quality of life was evaluated before and after treatment.Result The total effective rate was 90.0% in the treatment group versus 73.3% in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) score was significantly changed in the treatment group after intervention (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in comparing the KPS score between the two groups after treatment (P<0.05).Conclusion Acupuncture can produce a significant efficacy in treating Oxycodone hydrochloride-induced constipation, and also improve the patients’ quality of life.

Objective To investigate the apoptosis-inducing effect,inhibiting multidrug resistanceassociated protein 1 (MRP-1) and mRNA expression of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) in multidrug-resistant cell K562/ADM.To compare the effect of As2O3 and the combined group.To determine the effect of intracellular glutathione (GSH) content on the arsenic effect.Methods The arsenic group (0.5 μmol/L,2.0 μmol/L,5.0 μmol/L) solo or combined BSO (100 μmol/L) applied in multidrugresistant cell K562/ADM.The cell proliferating activity was assessed with MTT assay.The cell apoptosis effect was detected by Annexin-V and propidium iodide (PI) staining.Intracellular GSH contents were measured using GSH Assay Kit by spectrophotometry.MRP1 expression was determined by flow cytometry.MRP1 mRNA expression were directed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR.Results With the GSH contents were degraded by the combination of clinic dose arsenic group (0.5 μmol/L,2 μmol/L) and BSO (100 μmol/L),the K562/ADM cell proliferating activity was obviously inhibited and the cell apoptosis-inducing effect was increased in 24 hours.In 72 hours,the rate of apoptosis with arsenic (0.5 μmol/L,2 μmol/L) were (8.32± 2.11) ％,(16.75±3.56) ％.After the GSH contents were degraded,the rates of apoptosis in the combination group (clinic dose arsenic group) were (82.15±9.28) ％ and (92.72±9.41) ％.The fluorescence intensity of MRP1 in 72 hours of the combination group (clinic dose arsenic group) was 8.20±0.92 and 10.40±2.33.The MRP1 attenuated effect of the combination group (clinic dose arsenic group) was obviously stronger than that of the high dose arsenic group (21.30±3.09).Conclusions The intracellular GSH contents closely correlate with the arsenic effect.The cell apoptosis-inducing effect of the combination of clinic dose arsenic and BSO on K562/ADM cell is obvious increased.The combination of clinic dose arsenic and BSO obviously inhibit MRP1 expression and MRP1 mRNA expression in K562/ADM cell.

Objective To investigate the apoptosis-inducing effect , inhibiting MRP-1 and mRNA expression of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) on multidrug-resistant cell-K562A/DM cell .To compare the effect of As2O3 and the com-bined group .To determine the effect of intracellular GSH content on the arsenic effect .Methods To investigate the effect of the arse-nic group (0.5,2.0,5.0μmol/L)and/or BSO (100μmol/L) on multidrug-resistant cell -K562/ADM cell.To detect the change of the correlated index .⑴Intracellular GSH contents were measured using Glutathione Assay Kit by spectrophotometry .⑵MRP-1 expression were determined by flow cytometry .⑶MRP-1 mRNA expression were directed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR.Results After the GSH contents were degraded by the combination of clinic dose arsenic group (0.5,2μmol/L) and BSO(100μmol/L), in 48 hours and 72 hours, the effect of the combination group ( clinic dose arsenic group ) was obviously stronger than the clinic dose arsenic group and the high dose arsenic group .In 48 hours, the MRP-1 mRNA depressive effect of the combination group ( clinic dose arsenic group ) was obviously stronger than high dose arsenic group .In 72 hours, the MRP-1 depressive effect of the combination group ( clinic dose arsenic group ) was obviously stronger than high dose arsenic group .Conclusions The intracellular GSH contents closely correlated with the arsenic effect .The combination of clinic dose arsenic and BSO inhibit obviously MRP-1 expression and MRP-1 mRNA expres-sion in K562/ADM cell.

Objective To discuss and observe the clinical effect of intervertebral pedicle internal fixation and debride?ment combined with bone graft through posterior approach/trans-intervertebral space approach on the treatment of uni/multi-segmental lumbosacral vertebral tuberculosis (TB). Methods A cohort of 37 patients, with single or multiple segmental ver?tebral destruction due to TB, were treated by trans-intervertebral debridement, posterior pedicle screw system internal fixa?tion and intervertebral bone graft. All patients underwent X-ray,CT and MRI examination to observe the combination treat?ment effect. Results Most patients (n=34) enjoyed primary healing, in which include only 4 cases that presented symptom of nerve root stretch injury during operation but all recovered after 3 months. Other 3 patients underwent secondary healing due to sinus but two were rectifying with anti-TB therapy and wound dressing. The other 1 case suffered from sinus tract was healed through second debridement and rectifying therapy. X-ray, CT and MR at 6 months after operation indicated that all patients present great graft osseous fusion, good recovering of height of vertebral body without kyphosis deformity nor internal fixation loosening nor screw breakage. Conclusion Intervertebral pedicle internal fixation and debridement combined with bone graft through posterior approach/trans-intervertebral space approach is with minimum invasion but good graft fusion ef?fects, harder fixation and satisfactory clinical effects in the treatment of uni/multi-segmental lumbosacral vertebral tuberculosis.

Objective This paper was performed to investigate the effectiveness of problem-based learning in naval hygiene teaching. Methods Totally 257 clinical medicine undergraduates and general practice undergraduates from Grade 2010 and 2009, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University attended naval hygiene teaching. PBL and LBL approaches were applied in PBL group (Grade 2010, n=117) and LBL group (Grade 2009, n=140), respectively. The learning outcomes were evaluated by three tests covering PBL evaluation (or usually performance), theoretical examination and experimental practice . Questionnaire was used to investigate the recognition of PBL teaching method and new evaluation system. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16.0 and t test was used to compare the average scores of theory,α=0.05. Results The results showed that the average theory scores of Grade 2010 (78.51±7.57 and 71.68±5.74) were higher than those of Grade 2009 (65.36±6.41 and 59.97±7.08) (P=0.000, P=0.000). The questionnaire surveys indicated that more than 85% students in PBL group considered the PBL teaching method could enhance professional and comprehensive quali-ties, and that 84%students were satisfied with new evaluation system. Conclusions PBL showed better learning results than traditional methods in naval hygiene teaching and could better promoted students' comprehensive ability.

AIM: To construct recombinant lentiviral vector with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) of CREB gene, and to investigate the effect of CREB gene silencing on mitochondrial morphology and cell apoptosis in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced cortical neurons.METHODS: Three lentiviral vectors pLentiLox3.7 (PLL) inserted shRNA fragments targeting CREB gene were co-transfected with the packaging plasmids psPAX2 and pMD2.G to the 293T cells, and the virus particles, which was infected with the primary cortical neurons, was encapsulated.The protein expression of CREB was detected by Western blot.The mitochondrial morphology, cell apoptosis and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax were evaluated by the methods of MitoTracker red, TUNEL and Western blot in OGD/R induced cortical neurons after CREB gene silencing.RESULTS: The pLL-CREB-shRNA1 was the most effective shRNA, which inhibited 80% CREB gene expression in the cortical neurons.The mitochondrial was appeared dot and fragment morphology in OGD/R induced cortical neurons with transfected pLL-CREB-shRNA1 plasmid.In addition, the expression of Bcl-2 was decreased, the expression of Bax, and the apoptosis of the neurons were increased by tranfected with pLL-CREB-shRNA1.CONCLUSION: CREB shRNA recombinant lentiviral vector specifically inhibits the expression of CREB gene.CREB gene silencing promotes the cell apoptosis and mitochondrial morphological changes in the cortical neurons induced by OGD/R.