Objective To evaluate intra-and interatrial synchronization in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) by dual gate Doppler and discuss the predictive value of atrial asynchrony for detecting PAF.Methods Twenty-nine patients with PAF as AF group and 24 healthy volunteers as control group underwent echocardiography.The time interval of the onset of a'wave between mitral annular septal and lateral site was T1 by dual gate Doppler,which was used to evaluate left atrial synchronization.The time intervals from the onset of a'wave at tricuspid annular right ventricular free wall site to a'wave at tricuspid annular septal site and mitral annular lateral site were T2 and T3,which were respectively used to evaluate right atrial and interatrial synchronization.The greater time interval predicted the worse synchronization.Compared these indexes between two groups,the most valuable index was obtained and combined with left atrial volume index (LAVI) to predict PAF,its optimal values were found out by ROC curve.Results ①There were no significant differences in many other basic indexes between two groups (P ＞0.05).However,compared with control group,the ratio of early diastolic transmitral flow velocity (E) and mitral annular velocity of septal site (e'),the diameters and volume indexes of atria were significantly increased in AF group.②T1,T2 and T3 (standardized before and after) increased significantly in AF group (P ＜0.01).Standardized T1 had the largest area under curve (AUC) for detecting PAF.The AUC of standardized T1 and LAVI were 76.6％ and 84.1％.Standardized T1 ≥29.55 ms and LAVI≥ 21.60 ml/m2 were combined for detecting PAF (sensitivity 82.8 ％,specificity 79.2％,AUC 87.1％).③ Standardized T1 was positively correlated with age,left atrial systolic diameter,LAVI,RAVI and E/e'(P＜ 0.05).Conclusions Patients with PAF have worse intra-and interatrial synchronization and left atrial asynchrony can provide predictive value for detecting PAF.Dual gate Doppler is expected to be a new technique for evaluating intra-and interatrial synchronization accurately and detecting the risk of AF.

A 41-year-old man presented with recurrent pustules and scales on both hands and feet for 1year and with neoplasm on the left toe for 4 months.On physical examination,there were multiple irregular rufous patches with lamellar white scales on bilateral thumbs,forefingers,thenar eminence,toes,and the onethird anterior part of bilateral soles.Deep-seated pustules and vesicles arising on some erythematous patches were disrupted with the formation of punctiform or patches of erosions covered by yellow brown crusts.Some toenails and fingernails were thickened and deformed.An obviously tender neoplasm measuring 4 cm × 3.5 cm× 3.5 cm was observed in the anterior part of the left fourth toe,which was a little indurated and obviously tender with superficial erosion,large amount of purulent exudates and fresh granulation tissue mixing to form black and thick blood crusts on the surface.Biopsy of the nail bed of the right index finger and neoplasm on the left toe revealed a diffuse,dense,and mixed infiltrate of small- to medium-sized atypical lymphocytes and a few inflammatory cells.Meanwhile,epidermotropism and Pautrier's microabscess were visible.Immunohistochemistry showed that the abnormal lymphocytes were positive for leukocyte common antigen (LCA),Vimentin,CD3,CD45RO,CD4,Bcl-2,partly positive for CD8,CD5,CD10,Ki-67 (＞ 80％ ),but negative for CD79a,CD20,CD30,cytokeratin,S-100,Bc1-6,anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK),HMBMS,CD1a or P63.Based on the above findings,a diagnosis of mycosis fungoides palmaris et plantaris was made.

Objective To evaluate early and dynamic changes of the left ventricular systolic function of patients with septic shock by two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (2D-STI), and to provide guidance for treatment and prognosis.Methods Fifty-eight septic shock patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) of Subei People's Hospital from January 2016 to April 2017 were enrolled. The septic shock patients were given early fluid resuscitation. The left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), early diastolic mitral flow velocity/early diastolic mitral annular peak velocity (E/Em) were obtained by conventional echocardiography, and the left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS), global circumferential strain (GCS), global radial strain (GRS) were obtained by 2D-STI before fluid resuscitation and 1, 3, 7, 14 days after fluid resuscitation. According to the 28-day survival, the septic shock patients were divided into survival group (38 cases) and death group (20 cases). Thirty normal subjects with age and sex matched were selected as control group.Results① Compared with control group, heart rate (HR) and LVESV were increased [HR (bpm): 92.71±12.51 vs. 73.07±5.52, LVESV (mL): 42.50±7.89 vs. 38.73±4.23, bothP < 0.05], while LVEF, GLS, GCS were decreased [LVEF: 0.57±0.06 vs. 0.61±0.03, GLS: (-17.72±1.35)% vs. (-22.07±1.95)%, GCS: (-17.08±1.49)% vs. (-22.98±1.97)%] in septic shock group (allP < 0.01). ② Compared with the data before fluid resuscitation, heart rate was declined (bpm: 87.83±11.50vs. 92.71±12.51,P < 0.01), while LVEDV and LVEF were increased [LVEDV (mL): 102.32±9.23 vs. 99.24±8.86, LVEF: 0.59±0.05 vs. 0.56±0.06] in patients of the septic shock after fluid resuscitation (allP <0.01). ③ With the extension of treatment time, HR, LVEDV, LVESV, E/Em were increased gradually, and LVEF, GLS, GCS, GRS were decreased gradually in dead patients. In septic shock patients, compared with survival group, GCS was significantly different on day 1 [(-15.98±1.41)% vs. (-17.66±1.22)%,P < 0.05], HR, LVEDV, LVESV, GLS were significantly different on the 3rd day [HR (bpm): 104.60±10.94 vs. 88.71±5.06, LVEDV (mL): 109.69±10.00 vs. 103.99±5.74, LVESV (mL): 47.78±7.21 vs. 42.29±5.13, GLS: (-14.44±0.92)% vs. (-16.36±1.00)%, allP < 0.05], LVEF, GRS were significantly different on the 7th day [LVEF: 0.47±0.07 vs. 0.58±0.04, GRS: (28.27±3.23)% vs. (31.48±3.12)%, bothP < 0.05], and E/Em was significantly different on the 14th day (12.81±1.56 vs. 10.61±1.27) in dead group (P < 0.05).Conclusions Our study demonstrates myocardial dysfunction at the early phase in septic shock patients, and 2D-STI GCS can be more sensitive than the conventional echocardiography to determine prognosis. 2D-STI GCS, GLS, GRS were not volume-load dependent parameter. Low levels of GLS, GCS might suggest a poor prognosis.

Discovery of an efficient bioconversion of cellulosic biomass and its hydrolysis to ethanol is the key to unlocking in developing of a bioethanol industry. The lack of industrially suitable microorganisms to convert xylose to ethanol fuel has been cited as a major technical bottleneck. In the past decades, many improvements have been made in the metabolic engineering of microorganisms, including Zymomonas mobilis, Escherichia coli, and yeasts, for the fermentation of xylose to produce ethanol by introducing genes for either xylose metabolism or ethanol production. The history and the current progress in constructing these strains are presented in this review.
Bacteria ; genetics ; metabolism ; Ethanol ; metabolism ; Fermentation ; Fungi ; genetics ; metabolism ; Genetic Engineering ; Industrial Microbiology ; methods ; Metabolic Engineering ; Xylose ; metabolism

Objective To evaluate the left ventricular diastolic function in patients with uremia by two-dimensional speckle tracking technology ( 2D-STI ) . Methods Ninety-three patients with uremia ( serum creatinine value≥ 700 μmol/l) and 29 controls were included . Uremia patients were divided into group with decreased LVEF ( LVEF < 50％ ,group C ,19 cases) and group with normal LVEF ( LVEF≥50％ ) . The latter were divided into group with normal diastolic function ( group A ,31 cases) and group with diastolic dysfunction ( group B ,23 cases) according to the diastolic function;pulsed wave tissue Dopper imaging datas included:diastolic velocity e1′,a1′ and e2′,a2′ at septal or lateral sites of mitral annulus , average E/e′and e′/a′. 2D-STI strain and strain rate parameters included:the longitudinal peak systolic strain ( GLS) ,the longitudinal peak systolic strain rate ( LSRs) ,longitudinal peak strain rate in early diastole (LSRe)andE/LSRe.Results ①Systolicfunctionparameters:comparedwithcontrolgroup,LVEF decreased significantly only in group C( P <0 .05) ,while there was no significant difference among group A ,B and control group ( P> 0 .05 ) ;GLS in group A ,B and C decreased significantly and showed a decreasing trend among these three groups( P <0 .05) ;LSRs in group B and C decreased significantly ,while there was no significant difference between group A and control group( P > 0 .05) . ② Diastolic function parameters:compared with control group ,the average E/e′decreased significantly in group B and C( P <0 .05) ,while group A showed no significant difference( P > 0 .05) . Compared with group A ,the average E/e′increased significantly in group B and C ( P < 0 .05) . Compared with control group ,LSRe in three uremia groups decreased significantly ,which showed a decreasing trend among these three groups ( P <0 .05) ;however ,E/LSRe in three uremia groups increased significantly and showed an increasing trend among these three groups ( P < 0 .05 ) . ③ The correlation analysis showed that there were positive correlations between average e′ and LSRe and between average E/e′ and E/LSRe in uremic patients . Conclusions In patients with uremia ,left ventricular systolic and diastolic function impaired in the early phase . Strain rate parameters in diastole especially E/LSRe obtained by 2D-STI can be used as sensitive , early parameter for evaluation of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction .

Objective To evaluate the changes of intra-and interatrial synchronization with age in normal adults by dual gate Doppler and discuss the feasibility of dual gate Doppler in assessing atrial synchronization.Methods Fifty-seven healthy volunteers were divided into three groups according to age:group A (20-39 years old,n =20),groupB(40-59 years old,n =21),groupC (60-79 years old,n =16).The time interval of the onset of a'wave between mitral annular septal and lateral site was T1 by dual gate Doppler,which was used to evaluate left atrial synchronization.The time intervals from the onset of a'wave at tricuspid annular right ventricular free wall site to a'wave at tricuspid annular septal site and mitral annular lateral site were T2 and T3,which were respectively used to evaluate right atrial and interatrial synchronization.With traditional Doppler technique,the time intervals from the onset of P wave to the onset of a'wave at the mitral annular lateral site (P-L),the mitral annular septal site (P-S),and the tricuspid annular right ventricular free wall site (P-RVFW) were measured.The time differences between P-L and P-S,between P-S and P-RVFW,and between P-L and P-RVFW were t1 (left atrial synchronization),t2 (right atrial synchronization),t3 (interatrial synchronization).The greater time interval predicted the worse synchronization.Results ① Systolic and diastolic blood pressure elevated with age among three groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group A,the ratio (E/e') of early diastolic transmitral flow velocity (E) and mitral annular velocity of septal site (e'),and late diastolic transmitral flow velocity increased in group B and C.In contrast with group A and B,left atrial volume (LAV) increased,and E decreased in group C (all P ＜0.05).②Compared with group A,T1,T2,T3 and t1,t2,t3 increased in group B and C (all P ＜0.05).③T1,T2 and T3 were positively correlated with age,body mass index,systolic blood pressure,left atrial systolic antero-posterior diameter and E/e'(all P ＜0.05).Besides,T1 was positively correlated with LAV (P ＜0.05).T3 was positively correlated with LAV and right atrial upper-inferior diameter.④ The parameters of atrial synchronization in dual gate Doppler were concordant with that in traditional Doppler technique.And the measurements of two methods were correlated (r =0.78,P ＜0.01).For inter-and intraobservers,the interclass correlation coefficient with dual gate Doppler was higher and 95 ％ confidence interval range was smaller.Conclusions The intra-and interatrial synchronization reduces with age in normal adults.Dual gate Doppler is feasible in evaluating atrial synchronization,which can provide more repeatable measurements and can be a new prospective method to assess atrial synchronization.

Purpose The incidence and drug resistance rate ofAcinetobacter baumannii pneumonia are becoming more and more serious.To summarize the computed tomography (CT) appearance ofAcinetobacter baumannii pneumonia and to provide evidence for early clinical diagnosis and treatment.Materials and Methods The imaging findings of 49 patients with sputum culture confirmed Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia were retrospectively analyzed,and the imaging features were summarized.Results The three most common patterns of chest CT findings in Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia were ground-glass opacification (69.4％,34/49),consolidation (67.3％,33/49),and pleural effusion (53.1％,26/49).While,the most common patterns of chest X-ray were pulmonary plaque (83.7％,41/49),consolidation (36.7％,18/49),and pleural effusion (36.7％,18/49).Further analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the CT and X-ray findings between combined infection of Acinetobacter baumannii with other pathogens and single Acinetobacter baumanniizxcvbnm,infection (P＞0.05).Conclusion The three most common changes of chest imaging of Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia are ground-glass opacification,pulmonary consolidation and pleural effusion.It is of great significance to summarize its imaging features for early diagnosis,treatment and prognosis-predicting.

To evaluate the right ventricular systolic function in uremia patients and the effects of maintenance hemodialysis on right ventricular systolic function by volume and strain parameters obtained by 4D RV Volume . Methods Seventy‐six patients with uremia and twenty‐two controls were selected . According to left ventricular ejection fraction ( LVEF) ,uremia patients were divided into normal LVEF uremia group and decreased LVEF uremia group . T hen normal LVEF uremia group was divided into maintenance hemodialysis group and non‐dialysis group . Conventional ultrasound parameters included :LVEF ,pulmonary artery systolic pressure ( PASP) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion ( T APSE‐2D) . 4D RV Volume parameters included : right ventricular end‐diastolic volume ( RVEDV ) , tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion ( T APSE‐4D ) ,right ventricular area change rate ( FAC ) ,right ventricular ejection fraction ( RVEF) and right ventricular free wall longitudinal systolic strain ( RV‐GLSfree ) . Results①Compared with the control group ,T APSE‐2D decreased significantly in the decreased LVEF uremia group ( P ＜0 .05) ,w hile there was no significant difference of T APSE‐2D in normal LVEF uremia group ( P ＞ 0 .05) . Compared with the control group and normal LVEF uremia group ,PASP increased significantly in the decreased LVEF uremia group ( P ＜ 0 .05 ) . Compared with the control group ,RVEDV increased significantly both in the normal LVEF and decreased LVEF uremia group ,w hich showed an increasing trend in these three groups ( P ＜0 .05) ,while T APSE‐4D ,FAC ,RVEF and RV‐GLSfree all decreased significantly and showed a decreasing trend in these three groups ( P ＜ 0 .05 ) . ② Compared with the control group , T APSE‐2D decreased significantly in non‐dialysis group ( P ＜0 .05) ,but there was no significant difference in uremia hemodialysis group ( P ＞0 .05) . Compared with the control group ,PASP and RVEDV increased and T APSE‐4D ,FAC ,RVEF and RV‐GLSfree decreased significantly in uremia hemodialysis group and non‐dialysis group ( P ＜ 0 .05 ) . Compared with non‐dialysis group , T APSE‐2D and T APSE‐4D increased significantly in hemodialysis group ( P ＜0 .05) ,while there was no significant difference in RVEDV ,FAC , RVEF and RV‐GLSfree in uremia hemodialysis group ( P ＞0 .05) . Conclusions 4D RV Volume could early and accurately evaluate the right ventricular systolic dysfunction in uremia patients . Furthermore ,w hen evaluating right ventricular systolic function in uremia patients treated with maintenance hemodialysis , indices such as right ventricular strain and volume parameters should be comprehensively considered .

Objective:To study the signaling pathway of the up-regulation of claudin-5 expression by Xuebijing injection.Methods:Animal and cell models of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ① In vivo study, 20 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, LPS group (LPS injection 10 mg/kg for 12 hours), Xuebijing control group (Xuebijing injection 1 mg/kg, twice a day, for 3 days), and Xuebijing intervention group (LPS injection after pretreatment of Xuebijing injection), according to random number method with 5 rats in each group. The lung tissues were taken to detect lung dry/wet weight ratio (W/D) and the morphological changes in each group. Claudin-5, phosphorylated forkhead box transcription factor O1 (p-FOXO1), total FOXO1 (t-FOXO1), phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and total Akt (t-Akt) in lung tissues were detected by immunohistochemical staining (IHC) and Western blotting. ② In vitro study, human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) were divided into 6 groups (5 holes in each group): control group, Xubijing control group (incubated with 2 g/L Xubijing for 24 hours), phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) signaling pathway LY294002 control group (incubated with 10 μmol/L LY294002 for 1 hour), LPS group (incubated with 1 mg/L LPS for 12 hours), Xubijing intervention group (incubated with 2 g/L Xuebijing for 24 hours, then with 1 mg/L LPS for 12 hours) and LY294002 intervention group (incubated with 10 μmol/L LY294002 for 1 hour, then with 2 g/L and Xubijing for 24 hours, and then with 1 mg/L LPS for 12 hours). The expression levels of claudin-5, p-FOXO1, t-FOXO1, p-Akt and t-Akt of HPMECs in each group were assessed by Western blotting. Results:In vivo study: ① Compared with the control group, the lung W/D ratio increased significantly in LPS group (6.79±0.42 vs. 4.19±0.13), and decreased significantly after the intervention of Xuebijing (4.92±0.38 vs. 6.79±0.42, P < 0.01). ② Morphological changes of lung tissue: compared with the control group, the injury of lung tissue in LPS group was more serious, which was significantly improved after Xuebijing intervention. ③ Expression levels of claudin-5, p-Akt/t-Akt and p-FOXO1/t-FOXO1: the expression levels of claudin-5, p-Akt/t-Akt and p-FOXO1/t-FOXO1 in LPS group were significantly decreased as compared with the control group (claudin-5/GAPDH: 0.33±0.03 vs. 1.03±0.07, p-Akt/t-Akt: 0.18±0.02 vs. 1.01±0.13, p-FOXO1/t-FOXO1: 0.16±0.06 vs. 1.00±0.19, all P < 0.01). After the intervention of Xuebijing, the expression levels were significantly increased as compared with the LPS group (claudin-5/GAPDH: 0.53±0.05 vs. 0.33±0.03, p-Akt/t-Akt: 0.56±0.12 vs. 0.18±0.02, p-FOXO1/t-FOXO1: 0.68±0.10 vs. 0.16±0.06, all P < 0.01). In vitro study: compared with the control group, the expression level of claudin-5 in the LPS group was significantly decreased (claudin-5/β-actin: 0.45±0.03 vs. 1.01±0.15, P < 0.01), and the expression level of claudin-5 in Xuebijing intervention group was also significantly decreased (claudin-5/β-actin: 0.80±0.08 vs. 1.01±0.15, P < 0.01). After the intervention of LY294002, the expression of claudin-5 was significantly decreased as compared with the Xubijing intervention group (claudin-5/β-actin: 0.41±0.02 vs. 0.80±0.08, P < 0.01). Conclusion:Xuebijing injection improve pulmonary vascular barrier function in rats with ARDS by up-regulating claudin-5 expression through PI3K/Akt/FOXO1 signaling pathway.

Objective: To investigate the influences of cardiovascular risk factors on left ventricular wall motion function in patients treated with epirubicin chemotherapy by layer-specific two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging (2D-STI). Methods: Sixty-four female patients with breast cancer treated with epirubicin and 36 controls from June 2018 to March 2019 in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University were included. According to the numbers of cardiovascular risk factors, the patients were divided into group A (without cardiovascular risk factors, 31 cases), group B (single cardiovascular risk factor, 20 cases), and group C (multiple cardiovascular risk factors, 13 cases). All patients underwent echocardiography before and after epirubicin respectively. Global longitudinal strain, circumferential strain, radial strain (GLS, GCS, GRS), endocardial and epicardial layers of GLS and GCS (endoGLS, epiGLS, endoGCS, epiGCS) were obtained by EchoPAC software analysis. The differences of GLS, EndoGLS, EpiGLS, GCS, EndoGCS, EpiGCS and GRS before and after chemotheraphy were calculated as ΔGLS, ΔEndoGLS, ΔEpiGLS, ΔGCS, ΔEndoGCS, ΔEpiGCS and ΔGRS. Results: Compared with before chemotherapy, GLS, EndoGLS, EpiGLS, GCS, EndoGCS, EpiGCS and GRS were significantly reduced in group A, B and C after chemotherapy (all P<0.05). ΔEndoGLS and ΔEndoGCS showed an increasing trend in groups A, B and C, with statistical significance (all P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that after chemotherapy with epirubicin, the numbers of cardiovascular risk factors were significantly correlated with strain parameters, and the correlation coefficient of EndoGLS was relatively higher (r=-0.582, P<0.001). Conclusions Layer-specific imaging can reliably detect the influences of cardiovascular risk factors on the left ventricular wall motion function in breast cancer patients treated with epirubicin. Parameters reflecting the endocardial longitudinal systolic function are sensitive indicators for the early detectin of myocardial damage and toxicity by epirubicin in patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors.