Objective To evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine gargle on respiratory tract infection (RTI)in patients following general anesthesia.Methods From January 2012 to June 2013,94 patients who received general anesthe-sia for removal of vertebral disc were randomly divided into two groups,with 47 cases in each group,control group gargled with normal saline,observation group accepted 2% chlorhexidine gargle.The occurrence of RTI and detec-tion of pharynx pathogens of two groups were compared.Results The incidence of RTI in observation group and control group was 8.51%(n=4)and 23.40%(n=11)respectively(χ2 = 12.95,P <0.05).4 patients in observation group were detected 4 isolates of pathogens,11 patients in control group were detected 26 isolates of pathogens,the detection rate of pharynx pathogens of observation group was lower than control group (χ2 =3.89,P <0.05).The main isolated pathogens were Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,Staphylococcus aureus ,Klebsiella pneumoniae and Esche-richia coli .Conclusion Chlorhexidine gargling can effectively reduce RTI following general anesthesia,it is worthy of clinical application.

Objective:To investigate sinomenine (Sinomenine,SIN) effect on RAW264.7 cells polarization to M1 or M2 phenotype induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interleukin-4 (IL-4) .Methods:RAW264.7 cells were induced to polarize to M1 by LPS ,and to M2 by IL-4.Sinomenine effects on LPS or IL-4 induced macrophages:TNF-αand IL-10 secretion induced by different condition were detected by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA);The expression level of mRNA of Arginase1(Arg-1),Nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),suppressor of cytokine signaling protein-2(SOCS2) and suppressor of cytokine signaling protein-3(SOCS3) of M1/M2 phenotypes were detected by real time PCR respectively.Results:Sinomenine inhibited the increase of TNF-αsecretion,iNOS and SOCS3 mRNA expression level induced by LPS.Sinomenine inhibited the increase of IL-10 secretion and Arg-1 mRNA expression level induced by IL-4,but SOCS2 mRNA expression level was not affected by Sinomenine.Conclusion: Sinomenine can inhibite the macrophage polarization to M1 and M2 induced by LPS and IL-4.Sinomenine plays a regulatory role on imbalance of M1/M2,and is conducive to maintain the dynamic balance.

Objective To study the association of multi-drug resistance with mutations in mar gene in clinical isolates of Shigella.Methods Fifty-four clinical isolates of Shigella were collected.Susceptibility tests of tetracycline(TE),chloramphenieol(C),ampicillin(AM),cipr ofloxacin(CIP),and norfloxacin(NOR)were performed in a11 isolates.Hexane and cyclohexane were used to study the organic solvent tolerance of all clinical isolates.marOR genes of these strains were analyzed by potymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism(PCR-SSCP)and were sequenced. Results Thirty-five multi-drug resistant strains were identified,and the rate of multi-drug resistance was 64.8%.Thirty-eight of 54 strains were tolerant to organic solvent,including 33 multi-drug resistance strains,3 drug resistant strains and 2 sensitive strains. marOR gene was found in all strains by PCR, and 5 multi-drug resistant strains,(14.29%)carrying marOR gene mutations in multi-drug resistant strains were found by SSCP analysis.DNA sequence analysis of marOR gene revealed that there was a 4 base deletion from base 1376 to 1379 in marO gene that resulted in frame-shift mutation.However,this deletion mutation didn;t exist in the standard strain S51250 and sensitive strains.There were 10 point mutations of marR gene in multi-drug resistant strains,2 of them resulting in amino acid changes:1752(G→A)Gly→ser,1854(T→c)Tyr→His.The rest mutations were all nonsense,and some of them occurred in sensitive strains or in many other strains.Conclusion The marO gene mutation may play an important role in the regulation of multi-drug resistance in Shigella spp.

Over the last decade,a growing body of evidence has indicated that vitamin D is not only crucial in maintaining calcium-phosphorus homeostasis and bone density,but also implicated in the regulation of immune system and the maintenance of the normal function of central nervous system.A variety of neuropsychiatric disorders such as multiple sclerosis,Alzheimer's disease,Parkinson's disease,schizophrenia,and depression are suggested to be associated with vitamin D deficiency and immune activation.In this review,we summarize the recent key findings concerning the effect of vitamin D on neuroimmmune modulation and its potential role in those neuropsychiatric disorders.

Objective To explore the clinical features of hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD) with hemolytic anemia as the first manifestation, and its relationship with ichthyosis.Method The clinical manifestations, course, diagnosis, and treatment of HLD combined with ichthyosis in one child who presented with hemolytic anemia as the ifrst manifestation, were retrospectively analyzed.Results In ten-year-old girl, the ifrst symptom was fatigue and jaundice, and then progressed to abdominal distension 5 days after admission. The reticulocyte percentage was 8.5%. Coombs test was negative. The K-F rings appeared on the cornea. The CT scan of Abdomen showed pleural and peritoneal effusion, abnormal substance deposition in liver and splenomegaly. There were mutations inATP7B andTGM1 genes, both of which were located on fourteenth of chromosomes. The diagnosis of HLD combined with ichthyosis was conifrmed. After symptomatic and supportive treatments such as removal of copper, prevention of the copper absorption and supplement of vitamin A, the disease was brought to remission.Conclusion HLD with hemolytic anemia as the ifrst manifestation, combined with ichthyosis was extremely rare.

Objective To investigate the effect of berberine on the polarization of mice RAW264.7 macrophages induced separately by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin-4 (IL-4). Methods Mice RAW 264.7 macrophages cultured in vitro were divided into model group, medication group, and blank control group. Both model group and medication group were given either LPS (in final dose of 100 ng/mL) or IL-4 (in final dose of 10 ng/mL). Additionally, the medication group was treated with berberine in final dose of 20 μmol/L. The blank control group was given the same volume of phosphate buffered saline ( PBS). Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression of arginase-1 (Arg-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase ( iNOS) , suppressor of cytokine signaling2 ( SOCS2) and SOCS3. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the contents of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-10. Results The content of TNF-αand the mRNA expression levels of iNOS and SOCS3 in macrophages induced by LPS were increased, and then were down-regulated by berberine (P<0.05 or P<0.01) . The content of IL-10 and the mRNA expression level of Arg-1 in macrophages induced by IL-4 were increased, and then were down-regulated by berberine ( P<0.05), but berberine had no effect on the mRNA expression level of SOCS2 ( P>0.05). Conclusion Berberine has an effect on inhibiting the M1 and M2 polarization of macrophages in vitro, suggesting that berberine may play a regulatory role in the dynamic balance of M1/M2.

Objective To observe the anti-inflammatory effects of three kinds of aconine from Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata ( Fuzi) on macrophages, as well as the effects of their combination with sinomenine. Methods The effect of three monoester alkaloids from Fuzi, benzoylaconine ( BAC) , benzoylmesaconine ( BMA) and benzoylhypaconine ( BHA) , on RAW264.7 cells proliferation was detected by cell counting kit 8 (CCK8) in vitro. RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and then treated with different concentrations of BAC, BMA, and BHA. Tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) secreted by RAW264.7 cells were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . The anti-inflammatory effects of three monoester alkaloids combined with sinomenine were evaluated by Zhengjun Jin Q method. Results The concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 secreted by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells were increased significantly ( P<0.01) , and then were inhibited by BAC ( 20, 30 μmol/L) , BMA ( 40, 80, 160μmol/L) and BHA ( 40, 80, 160 μmol/L) significantly ( P<0.01) . Antagonistic effects were present when 30 μmol/L of BAC or 160 μmol/L of BMA or 160 μmol/L of BHA was respectively used together with 100 or 300 μmol/L of sinomenine (Q<0.85). Conclusion The three kinds of monoester alkaloids from Fuzi exert anti-inflammatory effect on macrophages, and the effective dose of BAC is lower than that of BMA and BHA. The combination of BAC, BMA or BHA at the analyzed dosage with sinomenine has antagonistic effect.

Objective:To localize the gene of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa(ADRP) in a family. Methods: A large ADRP family was studied and 3 5 ml of venous blood from some family members was collected, and genomic DNA was extracted from the blood. Then two point linkage analysis between the known markers and the disease locus was performed. Results: Linkage analysis showed the maximum LOD score reached 2.732852 at marker D3S1292 (at recombination fraction ?=0.1). Conclusion: The gene responsible for ADRP is located in 3q21 eara.

Objective To illustrate the composition ratio of ERβ isoforms in paired cancerous and adjacent normal tissues from breast cancer patients.Methods Eighty-seven pairs of cancerous and adjacent normal tissues were obtained from breast cancer patients.RT-qPCR was used to determine the relative mRNA expression levels of ERβ isoforms (ER[β1,ERβ2 and ERβ5),and the composition ratios of ERβ isoforms were analyzed.Results The expression levels of all tested ERβ isoforms (ERβ1,ERβ2 and ERβ5) in breast cancer tissues were much lower than those in adjacent normal breast tissues (P ＜ 0.01).Isoform ratio analysis showed that ERβ5 was the dominant isoform in both cancerous and adjacent normal tissues with a positive detection rate of 54.02 ％ and 75.84 ％,respectively.Meanwhile,ERβ1 had the lowest detection rate (9.74 ％ and 6.77 ％ in cancerous and adjacent normal tissues,respectively).The positive rates for both ERβ1 and ERβ2 were much lower in adjacent normal tissues than those in cancer tissues (Z =-2.24,P =0.025 and Z =-4.85,P ＜ 0.01,separately),while more cancerous tissues were ERβ5-positive in comparison to adjacent normal tissues (Z =-5.32,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions The expression levels of all the ERβ isoforms are differentially down-regulated with significant alterations in their composition ratios during breast carcinogenesis.Further understanding on molecular mechanisms underlying the differential down-regulation of ER[β isoforms will shed new light on breast carcinogenesis.

Objective To investigate the effect of sinomenine on the purinergic receptors A2A and P2X7 in endotoxemia mouse model and RAW264.7 macrophage model stimulated by lipopolysaccharide(LPS). Methods BALB/c mice were randomly divided into blank control group, model group and sinomenine group. Thirty minutes after the rats of sinomenine group were pretreated with intraperitoneal injection of sinomenine (40, 80, 160 mg/kg), the mice were given intraperitoneal injection of 15 mg/kg LPS to induce endotoxemia model. The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α) and interleukin-6(IL-6) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression levels of purinergic receptor A2A and P2X7 in the liver and spleen were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). RAW264.7 macrophages were divided into blank control group, LPS group and sinomenine group. Sinomenine group was firstly treated with sinomenine(300μmol/L) for 2 h, and then LPS group and sinomenine group were treated with LPS (100 ng/mL) for another 8 hours. TNF-α in the cell supernatant was measured by ELISA, and the expression levels of A2A and P2X7 in RAW264.7 cells were detected by RT-PCR. Results Stimulation with LPS could induce the increase of the mouse serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 as well as the expression of A2A and P2X7 in mouse liver and spleen, and sinomenine had a counteraction on the above indexes(P<0.05) . In-vitro stimulation with LPS could induce the increase of the content of TNF-α and the expression of A2A and P2X7 in RAW264.7 cells , and sinomenine decreased TNF-α content and P2X7 expression (P<0.05) , but had an effect on enhancing A2A expression. Conclusion Sinomenine suppresses the expression of purinergic receptor P2X7 in mouse spleen and liver as well as in RAW264.7 macrophages, but its effect on the expression of A2A in various tissues and cells varies, whose related mechanism is needed further study.