Objective To observe the effects of 6%hydroxyethyl starch(Volven 130/0.4)infusion on hemodynamics and coagulation.Methods 60 cases of open heart surgical children under cardiopulmonary bypass were randomly divided into two groups(30 cases for each):The control group(group C)were infused with 400 ml plasma and volven group(group V)were infused with 400 ml Volven before cardiopulmonary bypass.Then mean aterial pressrue(MAP),heart rate(HR),and central venous pressure(CVP)were measured.The venous blood samples were collected before and after infusion for the measurements of the following parameters:haematocrit(HCT),blood sedimentation(BSR),platelet count(PLC),prothrombin time(PT),and activated whole blood clot time(ACT).Those indexes before operation,15 min after bypass,after returning to ICU,and 24 hours after operation were observed.Results HCT and PLC after infusion were significantly lower than that before infusion.BSR after infusion was significantly faster than that before infusion.There were no significant changes in MAP,HR,CVP,PLC,ACT and PT.Conclusion 6%Hydroxyethyl starch infusion is safe and beneficial during cardiopulmonary bypass.

BACKGROUND: Limb ischemia reperfusion (LIR) as a stressor leads to gastric mucosal injury, and then results in the occurrence of stress ulcer.OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of LIR on gastric mucosal injury, investigate part of the mechanism, and the role of several transient limb ischemia in the occurrence of gastric mucosal injury.DESIGN: A randomized grouping design and controlled animal experiment.SETTING: Department of Pathophysiology of North China Coal Medical College.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out in the pathophysiological laboratory of North China Coal Medical College from January to June 2002. Fifty-four healthy adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups with 18 rats in each group. Ischemia reperfusion (I/R) group: The rats were duplicated into models according to the Rosenthal method that under superficial anesthesia with ether, the roots of both hindlimbs were ligated by wrapping with rubber strap, blood flow was blocked for 4 hours and then recovered to perfusion for 4 hours, and finally killed by bleeding from abdominal aorta. Ischemic preconditioning group: Before model establishment, blood flow of both hindlimbs was blocked for 5 minutes, and then recovered to perfusion for 5 minutes, which was repeated for four times, and the following operations were the same as those in the I/R group. Control group: The operations were the same as those in the I/R group,but both hindlimbs were ligated at relaxation without blocking the blood flow.METHODS: Sections of gastric mucosa were prepared, and then observed under light microscope and electron microscope, and the index of gastric mucosal injury was determined according to the Guth standard. The colorimetric assay was performed with 721 spectrophotometer at 650 nm, and the amount of gastric combining mucus was calculated.Meanwhile, the blood flow of gastric mucosa, contents of phospholipid and hexosamine in gastric mucus, content of nitric oxide in plasma and gastric tissue and activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in gastric mucosa were determined.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Index of gastric mucosal injury, amount of gastric combining mucus, blood flow of gastric mucosa, contents of phospholipid and hexosamine in gastric mucus, contents of nitric oxide in plasma and gastric tissue and NOS activity in gastric mucosa.RESULTS: All the 54 rats were involved in the analysis of results. ① In the I/R group, gastric mucosal injury was serious, edema, hyperemia, erosion and disintegration of gland of mucosal glands were observed, infiltration of inflammatory cells (formation of ulcer) was observed in basal and inferior mucosa. In the ischemic preconditioning group, the gastric mucosa was complete, and the damaged severity was milder than that in the I/R group; Under electron microscope, the organell structures of gastric parietal and chief cells were incomplete and destroyed. The cell injuries in the ischemic preconditioning group were milder than those in the I/R group (index of injury: 18.00±10.71, 34.00±15.01, P＜ 0.01). ② The blood flow and combining mucosal amount of gastric mucosa, contents of phospholipid and hexosamine in gastric mucus in the ischemic preconditioning group and I/R group were all obviously lower than those in the control group [(2.12±0.56), (10.84±2.56), (25.52±2.97) mL/(kg·h); (2.01±0.91), (2.79±0.73), (3.99±0.87) mg;(7.68±1.95), (9.74±1.04), (11.98±1.98) mg/g; (3.83±1.18), (5.42±0.47), (5.76±1.21) mg/g, P ＜ 0.05, 0.01], those the above indexes were all higher in the ischemic preconditioning group than in the I/R group. ③ The contents of nitric oxide in plasma and gastric tissue and NOS activity in gastric mucosa in the ischemic preconditioning group and I/R group were significantly lower than those in the control group [(250.0±5.6), (270.0±11.3), (210.0±7.4) μmol/L; (9.34±0.67), (11.34±1.00), (7.50±0.67) μ kat/g, P ＜ 0.01], those were also signficantly higher in the ischemic preconditioning group than in the I/R group.CONCLUSION: As a stressor, LIR can lead to gastric mucosal injury, and cause stress ulcer.Ischemic preconditioning can alleviate the gastric mucosal injury following LIR

BACKGROUND: Rabbit serum samples are widely used in basic researches, and two-dimensional gelelectrophoresis (2-DE) is the most classic technique for protein separation. Therefore, it is of great significance to establish a stable technique system of 2-DE for rabbit serum.OBJECTIVE: To establish a 2-DE technique system for rabbit serum protein separation. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: A single sample observational experiment was performed at Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomarkers for Occupational and Environmental Hazard of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces Medical College from June to July in 2008. MATERIALS: Six healthy rabbits were provided by the Animal Experimental Center of Tangshan Vocational Technical College METHODS: Health rabbit serum was dissolved in rehydration sample loading buffer before and after eliminating high abundance proteins to make proteins in it schizolysis adequately. After reductive alkylation, the samples were loaded into the rehydration tray to undergo passive rehydration for 14 hours. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) electrophoresis was followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). After sliver staining, the gel was analyzed by PDQuest7.4. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ①Efficiency of eliminating high abundance proteins. ②Two-dimensional eleotrophoregrams (2-D electrophoregrams)RESULTS: Distinct 2-D eleotrophoregrems were obtained with high resolution and good reproducibility. The removal of high abundance proteins in serum failed to result in better 2-D electrophoregrams.CONCLUSION: We have successfully established a 2-DE technique for rabbit serum proteome, which can lay the foundation for the further study of serum proteomics of diseases.

AIM: To observe the degree of gastric mucosal injury following limb ischemia/reperfusion(LIR),and to investigate the mechanism of gastric mucosal injury and the influence of the series of brief ischemia/reperfusion of hind limbs of rats on gastric mucosal injury. METHODS: Referring to Rosenthal's method, the model rats which underwent 4 hours of ischemia and 4 hours of reperfusion in hind limbs were made. The indexes of gastric mucosal injury after LIR and ischemic preconditioning (IPC) + LIR were determined. The morphologic changes were observed with light microscope and transmission electron microscop respectively. The GMBF,histologic lesion score, gastric barrier mucus, phospholipids, hexosamine, nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase in mucus were measured in different groups. RESULTS: Serious damage in gastric mucosa was observed under microscope and EM after LIR. But less serious damage was observed in the IPC group. After LIR, compared to the control group, the GMBF and the content of gastric barrier mucus, phospholipids and hexosamine in mucus decreased significantly. There was significant difference in most indexes between the control group and the IPC group, but compared to LIR group, the histologic lesion score decreased significantly and the GMBF and the content of gastric barrier mucus, phospholipids, hexosamine ,nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase in mucus increased significantly. CONCLUSION: LIR caused the gastric mucosa injury. IPC alleviated the damage of gastric mucosa following ischemia/reperfusion in hind limbs.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between ultrasound-assayed detrusor thickness and bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in old men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).Methods The 106 BPH patients underwent the urodynamic examination on which the diagnosis of BOO was dependent. The obstruction was defined as the Abrams-Griffiths nomogram (A-G index)≥40 and the grade of linear passive urethral resistance relation (LinPURR)≥Ⅱ . When bladder capacity reached 150 ml, the detrusor thickness was measured by abdominal ultrasound. Results Compared with unobstructed group, the maximum flow rate and average flow rate were both lower in obstructed group [(10.1±3.0) ml/s vs. (17.4±3.1) ml/s, (5.5±2.2) ml/s vs. (11.2±2.2) ml/s, t= 10.26and 11.03, both P＜0.01]. And the residual urine volume and maximum detrusor pressure were significantly higher in obstructed group than in unobstructed group [(47.6 ± 24.3) ml vs. (17.0 ±5.6) ml, (39.3±14.4) cm H2Ovs. (26.8±8.0) cm H2O, t=6.32 and 4.07, P＜0.01 or 0.05].Detrusor thickness was positively correlated with maximum detrusor pressure (r= 0.419, P＜0.01),but negatively correlated with maximum flow rate (r =- 0.749, P＜ 0.01 ), mean flow rate (r=-0.853, P＜0.01) and voided volume (r=-0.556, P＜0.01). There was significant difference in detrusor thickness between obstructed group and unobstructed group [(3.0± 0.2) mm vs. (2.5 ±0.2) mm, t= 11.2,P＜0.05]. According to the diagnostic standard of detrusor thickness≥3.0 mm,it had a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 84.6%, a positive predictive value of 93.1% and a negative predictive value of 78.6%. Conclusions Detrusor thickness of 3.0 mm or greater has a certain predictive value for BOO in old men.

Objective: To establish the quality standard for Fuzheng capsules. Methods: TLC was adopted to identify Astragali Radix and Glycyrrhiza uralensis. The method validation for Fuzheng capsules was conducted by microbial limit test as described in the appendixes of Chinese Pharmacopeia (2015 edition). The content of epimedii in Epimedium brevicornu was determined by HPLC. The chromatographic separation was carried out on an Agilent TC-C18(2) (250 mm×4. 6 mm, 5 μm) column. The mobile phase consis-ted of acetonitrile-water( 30: 70) with gradient elution at a flow rate of 1. 0 ml·min-1,and the injection volume was 5 μl. The detec-tion wavelength was 270 nm. Results: The spots in TLC were clear without any interference. The methods of plating and direct inocu-lation could be used for the microbial limit test. The linear range was 0.101-1.008 μg (r =0.999 7). The average recovery was 99. 36% with the RSD of 0. 81% (n=6). Conclusion: The method is simple with high specificity and good repeatability, which can be used as the quality control method for Fuzheng capsules.

Objective: To establish the quality standard for Shenzhi Xiaoping capsules. Methods: The characteristics of Astragali Radix were identified by microscopy. TLC was adopted to identify Astragali Radix, Fructus Aurantii and Glycyrrhiza uralensis. The con-tent of ginsenoside Rb1in Panax ginseng was determined by HPLC. Results: The microscopic characteristics were obvious. The TLC spots were clear with highly specific identification and good separation. The linear range of ginsenoside Rb1was 47. 06-376. 5 μg· ml-1(r=0. 999 9), and the average recovery was 102. 7% with the RSD of 1. 1% (n=6). Conclusion: The method is simple and specific, which can be used for the quality control of Shenzhi Xiaoping capsules.

OBJECTIVETo examine the proportion and reasons of drop-out from antiretroviral therapy (ART) among 8 367 adult HIV-infected individuals in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province.

METHODSAll adult HIV-infected patients receiving ART before September 30 of 2014 were examined for the situation of drop-out from ART.

RESULTSThe proportion of drop-out from ART among adult HIV-infected patients in Dehong prefecture was 14.4% (1 202/8 367). Results from the univariate logistic regression analyses indicated that drop-out from ART was significantly correlated with factors as: living area, gender, age, marital status, HIV transmission route, baseline CD4⁺ T cell counts and initial treatment regimen of the patients. After adjusted for potential confounding variables by multiple logistic regression model, drop-out from ART was significantly correlated with residential area, marital status, HIV transmission route, baseline CD4⁺ T cell count and initial treatment regimen of the patients. HIV-infected patients who were living in Mangshi city, Lianghe county or Yingjiang County, being married or living with partner, HIV infection through sexual contact, with baseline CD4⁺ T cell counts ≤ 200 cells/mm³, and ART included in the initial treatment regimen etc., were less likely to drop out from ART. The proportion of drop out from ART was significantly decreasing along with the increasing time of ART. Data from specific investigation revealed that among the 1 202 patients who dropped out from ART, 704 (58.6%) were lost to follow-up, 303 (25.2%) did not adhere to treatment, 74 (6.2%) moved out the region, 64 (5.3%) were Burmese that had returned to Burma, 29 (2.4%) stopped the treatment according to doctors' advice, 18 (1.5%) were incarcerated and 10 (0.8%) were under other reasons. Reasons for the drop-out varied, according to the situation of patients.

CONCLUSIONThe proportion of drop-out from ART varied significantly according to the characteristics of HIV-infected patients in Dehong prefecture that underscoring the needs for tailored responses to reduce drop-out of ART. Focus should be targeted on reducing the loss to follow-up and improving the treatment adherence.

Adult ; Anti-Retroviral Agents ; therapeutic use ; China ; HIV Infections ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Patient Dropouts ; statistics & numerical data

Objective: To study the prevalence and correlates of diabetes among HIV/AIDS who were on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Dehong Dai and Jingpo autonomous prefectures (Dehong), Yunnan province. Methods: The database of HIV/AIDS receiving ART in Dehong was downloaded by using the basic information system of AIDS prevention and control in China. In this cross-sectional study, HIV/AIDS patients who were currently on ART and aged 18 years or above, were consecutively recruited, between July 2017 and June 2018, in Dehong. All the subjects underwent hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) testing. Patient with diabetes was defined as meeting any of these indicators (HbA1c ≥6.5%, baseline FPG ≥7.0 mmol/L, FPG ≥7.0 mmol/L in the most recent visit). Both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were carried on to evaluate the correlates of diabetes among the HIV/AIDS patients. Results: In total of 4 376 HIV/AIDS patients were included for analysis, with the average age as (43.7±10.1) years, proportion of males as 53.8% (2 356/4 376) and the HCV positive rate as 24.1% (1 055/4 376). The mean years was (8.9±3.8) years after the HIV diagnosis was made, and the mean duration on treatment was (6.8±2.9) years. The prevalence of diabetes was 11.4% (500/4 376). Through multivariate logistic regression analysis, data showed that the risk factors of diabetes of HIV/AIDS on ART were: aged 40 years or above, being male, HCV positive, baseline body mass index ≥24.0 kg/m², elevated TG ≥1.70 mmol/L in the most recent visit and baseline antiretroviral regimens under Efavirenz (EFV). Conclusions Prevalence rate of diabetes appeared higher in HIV/AIDS patients who were on ART in Dehong. Prevention and control measures should be targeted on HIV/AIDS patients who were with risk factors of diabetes as being elderly, male, HCV positive, overweight and higher TG. Further esearch is needed to evaluate the association between the use of EFV and diabetes.

OBJECTIVETo examine the proportion and influencing factors on HIV-infected individuals who rejecting the antiretroviral therapy among all the HIV positives, in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province.

METHODSA cross-sectional analysis was conducted on all the local HIV-infected survivals aged over 16 year old who refused to receive antiretroviral therapy (ART) by the end of 2013 in Dehong prefecture.

RESULTSThe proportion of those rejecting the ART among HIV-infected survivals and aged over 16 years old in Dehong prefecture, was 7.4% (605/8 136). Factors related to the 'rejection' among the 605 refusals would include: being male (72.9%), aged 31-45 years (57.2%), peasants (75.4%), married (52.2%), with minor ethnicity (41.3%), illiterate or only having primary school education (58.7%), infected through sexual contacts (61.2%), and with CD4(+)T cell counts >350 cells/mm(3) (66.6%). Data from the multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that rejecting the ART was significantly associated with areas, gender, age, ethnicity and CD4(+)T cell counts of the HIV patients. Those who were from Yingjiang county, female, aged 31-45 years old had lower proportions of ART refusals than those who were from Ruili city, male, aged ≤30 year old. Those who were of Dai minority and had no records on CD4(+)T cell counts, had higher proportions of ART refusals than those who were of Han ethnicity and had CD4(+)T cell counts ≤350 cells/mm(3). Reasons for the 605 HIV-infected patients with rejection to the ART would include fear of disclosure of HIV infection status (84, 13.9%), misunderstandings of the effectiveness and side effects of ART (111, 18.3%), self-realized wellness(340, 56.2%) and others (70, 11.6%). Of them, reasons for the 181 patients with CD4(+)T cell counts ≤350 cells/mm(3) that rejecting ART would include fearfulness on the disclosure of HIV infection status(40, 22.1%), misunderstandings of the effectiveness and side effects of ART (36, 19.9%), self-realized wellness (84, 46.4%) and others (21, 11.6%). Among those who rejected ART, reasons for that would vary by areas, gender, age, marital status and routes of HIV transmission, according to the results from Chi-squared tests.

CONCLUSIONA substantial proportion of HIV-infected individuals rejected ART in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province. It was urgently needed to enhance health education programs of ART tailored for those HIV-infected patients, according to different characteristics and reasons for rejection, so as to promote the ART in this prefecture.

Adult ; Anti-Retroviral Agents ; therapeutic use ; China ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Ethnic Groups ; Female ; HIV Infections ; drug therapy ; Health Education ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Humans ; Male ; Marital Status ; Marriage ; Middle Aged ; Minority Groups ; Sexual Behavior ; Treatment Refusal