Remote ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning are two new ways to reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury.Studies in recent years have shown that it also has significant protective effect for cerebral ischemia.At the appropriate time to give appropriate strength of remote ischemic preconditioning or postconditioning may induce brain ischemic tolerance and thus produce neuroprotection.The procedures of limb ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning are simple,and the clinical application value is higher.This article reviews the protective effect of limb ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning on cerebral ischemia.

Objective:To explore the correlation between homocysteine (Hcy) level and left ventricular diastolic func‐tion in patients with hypertension .Methods :A total of 121 enrolled patients with essential hypertension received plasma Hcy ,routine biochemical measurement and echocardiography examination .With Hcy=10 mmol/L as the di‐viding line ,patients were divided into H hypertension group (high Hcy group ,n=65) and hypertension with normal level group (normal Hcy group ,n=56) .Correlation between plasma Hcy level and left ventricular diastolic function was analyzed .Results:(1) H hypertension accounted for 53.7% ,male proportion in H hypertension group was sig‐nificantly higher than that of normal Hcy group (67.7% vs .37.5% , P<0.01);(2) Compared with normal Hcy group ,there were significant rise in left atrial diameter [LAD ,(34.4 ± 3.3) mm vs .(37.6 ± 5.4) mm] ,left ven‐tricular mass [LVM ,(183.5 ± 37.0) g vs .(205.6 ± 53.1) g] ,left ventricular mass index [LVMI ,(111.1 ± 19.2) g/m2 vs .(121.2 ± 31.8) g/m2 ] and transmitral early diastolic peak flow velocity/peak velocity of early diastolic mi‐tral annular motion [E/Em ,(8.4 ± 2.6) vs .(15.3 ± 7.4)] in H hypertension group ,P<0.05 or <0.01 ;(3) Pear‐son correlation analysis indicated that Hcy was positively correlated with LAD ,left ventricular end‐diastolic dimen‐sion (LVEDd) ,E/Em ,LVM and LVMI (r=0.247~0.620 , P<0.05 or <0.01);multi‐factor linear gradual re‐gression analysis found that plasma Hcy level ,was influencing factors for E/Em (P=0.529 ,t=7.599 ,P<0.05) . Conclusion:There is a significant positive correlation between plasma homocysteine level and left ventricular diastolic function insufficiency in patients with hypertension .More attention is required for detection of plasma homocysteine level in clinic .

Inverse agonist is a new type of drug acting on receptors.Its research has experienced several stages, including discovery of ethylβ-carboline 3-carboxylate,activity study,proposal of the concept,two-state model,and constitutive activity theory in succession.Most G protein-coupled receptors possess constitutive activity,i.e.a proportion of receptors are in active state and can produce effects without any agonist.Inverse agonist has an affinity to receptors,but no intrinsic activity,so it cannot activate receptors.However,it can antagonize the constitutive activity of receptors,and produce an opposite effect on the corresponding agonist.Both agonist and inverse agonist can produce their effect alone with different mechanisms.Agonist activates its receptors,but inverse agonist antagonizes them.Both inverse agonist and antagonist can antagonize receptors.However,inverse agonist and antagonist antagonize the constitutive activity of receptor and the agonist’s effects,respectively.Inverse agonists can be used to treat diseases with enhanced constitutive activity,up-regulate and sensitize receptors with constitutive activity.Moreover,endogenous inverse agonists can maintain a specific physiological function.The study on inverse agonist has a theoretical significance in perfecting receptor theory as well as a clinical value in diagnosis and treatment of diseases with enhanced constitutive activity.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the value of fibrobronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage in etiologic diagnosis of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients.METHODS The clinical document and results of fibrobronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage in 36 immunocompromised patients with pneumonia were retrospectively analyzed,whose conditions were mainly after organ transplantation and hematologic neoplasia.RESULTS Through fibrobronchoscopy and(or) bronchoalveolar lavage,22 cases(61.1%) were etiologically diagnosed.In 19 cases taking cytomegalovirus(CMV) quantitative PCR test of both peripheral blood and BALF,the positive rate of blood and BALF was 14.3% and 42.9%,respectively(P

Objective To investigate the correlation between serum lipoprotein (a) [LP(a)] level and hypertension.Methods The materials of 300 patients (178 cases with hypertension,122 cases without hypertension) were collected,including gender,age,weight,height,smoking history,drinking history,history of diseases such as diabetes,heart disease and arteriosclerosis),and blood pressure and LP (a) were measured.Results The median level of LP (a) in the total sample was 97.5 mg/L,104.5 mg,/L in the cases with hypertension and 73.3 mg/L in the cases without hypertension.There was significant difference between cases with hypertension and cases without hypertension (P ＜0.05).The ratio of LP (a) ＞ 300 mg/L in cases with hypertension was significantly higher than that in cases without hypertension (P ＜ O.05).Logistic regression analysis for hypertension-related influencing factors showed that the main influencing factor was age (OR =1.067,95％ CI:1.040 ～1.095).Conclusion The serum LP (a) level in the people with hypertension is higher than that without hypertension,but the LP (a) may not be a major risk factor for the development of hypertension.

Objective To investigate the correlation between serum lipoprotein (a) [LP(a)] level and hypertension.Methods The materials of 300 patients (178 cases with hypertension,122 cases without hypertension) were collected,including gender,age,weight,height,smoking history,drinking history,history of diseases such as diabetes,heart disease and arteriosclerosis),and blood pressure and LP (a) were measured.Results The median level of LP (a) in the total sample was 97.5 mg/L,104.5 mg,/L in the cases with hypertension and 73.3 mg/L in the cases without hypertension.There was significant difference between cases with hypertension and cases without hypertension (P ＜0.05).The ratio of LP (a) ＞ 300 mg/L in cases with hypertension was significantly higher than that in cases without hypertension (P ＜ O.05).Logistic regression analysis for hypertension-related influencing factors showed that the main influencing factor was age (OR =1.067,95％ CI:1.040 ～1.095).Conclusion The serum LP (a) level in the people with hypertension is higher than that without hypertension,but the LP (a) may not be a major risk factor for the development of hypertension.