Objective To explore the effect of antiepileptic drugs on rats' cognitive function. Methods 70 adolescent male SD rats, weighing (201?29)g, were randomly divided into seven groups: normal control group (NS), status epilepticus group (Pentylenetetrazole, PTZ), carbamazepine group (CBZ), valproate sodium group (VPA), phenytoin group (PHT), topiramate group (TPM) and lamotrigine group (LTG). All animals except those in NS group were kindled by PTZ, then they were treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Rats of all the seven groups were subjected to Morris water maze test two weeks later. Results The average time spent by the rats of TPM group was longer than that by other groups in each test (P

BACKGROUND: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) ischaracterized by its trophic function on motor neurons, but there is stilllack of quantitative data concerning the influence of different concentra tions of the neurotrophic factor on the growth of in vitro cultured motorneurons. OBJECTIVE: To observe the influence of GDNF on neuronal growth byobserving fetus rat spinal cord motor neurons cultured in vitro. DESIGN: Verifying observation taking in vitro cultured cells as subjects. SETTING: Neurological Department of the Second Hospital Affiliated toHebei Medical College. MATERIALS: This experiment was conducted in the laboratory of Neu rological Department, the Second Hospital Affiliated to Hebei Medical College, between January 2001 and September 2002. Adult male and female rats were raised together in the same cage, embryonic rats at 15 days of gestation were obtained for spinal cord separation. METHODS: Ventral spinal tissues were obtained from embryonic rats at 15 days of gestation for prinary in vitro culture. They were divided into four groups according to the density of GDNF, namely 1, 10, 50 and 100 μg/L GDNF groups, while the culture medium in control group did not contain GDNF. Neurons were cultured in 8 wells foreach group, which was repeated for two batches. Then the influence of GDNF on spinal cord motor neu rons was observed from the perspective of cell morphology with MTF method. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The survival rate of motor neurons andthe length of cell processes. RESULTS: ① The length of spinal cord motor neuronal processes: It was found obviously longer in GDNF 1 μg/L group, 10 μg/L group, 50 μg/L group and 100 μg/L group than in control group [(107.4±35.406 8,160.5±38.564 9, 450.5±60.640 3, 293.5±67.381 4, 82.8±7.972 5) μm, t=2.610-2.647, P ＜ 0.01]. ② Cell survival rate: It was higher in GDNF 1 μg/L group, 10 μg/L group, 50 μg/L group and 100 μ g/L group than in control group [(13.9±0.899 9, 16.1±0.668 0, 20.1±0.667 9, 26.0±0.603 0,10.5±0.782 0) μm, t=2.211-2.312, P ＜ 0.05]. ③ MTT colorimetric analy sis: It was obviously higher in GDNF 1 μg/L group, 10 μg/L group, 50 μg/Lgroup and 100 μ g/L group than in control group [(0.350±0.059 8, 0.366 7±0.071 9, 0.381 9±0.063 8, 0.395 3±0.060 5, 0.285 8±0.032 5) μm,t=2.259-2.577, P ＜ 0.05]. CONCLUSION: GDNF of different concentrations exerts different effects on in vitro cultured embryonic spinal cord motor neurons.

Objective To test whether the prophylactic small dose amitriptyline has any beneficial influence on the rate of poststroke depression (PSD) by clinical experiment. Methods All 123 patients with first stroke were divided into the intervention group and the control group according to the block randomization tables. The patients in the intervention group were treated with 12. 5 mg amitriptyline every night for more than 1 month and the control group was blank Before and at the end of the observation, the rate of PSD and activities of daily living (ADL), degree of neurological deficit (NIHSS) of all the subjects were assessed. Results At the end of the one-month treatment, the intervention group had lower rate of PSD (16. 4% ) than the control (51.6%);and they had lower score in NIHSS (2. 83 ± 1.74 vs 3. 64 ±1.93) and higher score in ADL (93.0 ± 16. 1 vs 87.0 ± 37. 1) than the control. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed: the change of ADL score was closely related to the rate of PSD (RR =3.01 ,P =0. 04); the change of NIHSS score was closely related to the rate of PSD ( RR = 2. 42, P = 0. 03 );prophylactic small dose amitriptyline was closely related to PSD ( RR = 3.11, P = 0. 01 ). Conclusions Prophylactic small dose amitriptyline can decrease the rat of PSD, reduce the neurologic impairment and improve the activity of daily living.

Objective To evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine on the development of perioperative cardiovascular events in elderly patients.Methods Forty-eight patients of both sexes,aged 65-85 yr,with body mass index of 19.5-25.3 kg/m2,of American Society Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ,scheduled for elective abdomninal or lower limb surgery under general anesthesia,were divided into 2 groups (n =24 each) using a random number table:general anesthesia group (group G) and dexmedetomidine plus general anesthesia group (group D).In group D,dexmedetomidine was intravenously infused in a loading dose of 0.25 μg/kg over 10 min and then continuously infused at 0.2 μg · kg-1 · h-1 until 30 min before the end of surgery.The equal volume of normal saline was intravenously infused instead in group G.At 1 day before surgery and 1 and 2 days after surgery,dynamic electrocardiogram was used to monitor heart rate variability including standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals,standard deviation of the average 5-min normal-to-normal intervals,and root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent normal-to-normal intervals.The development of intraoperative cardiovascular events and requirement for vasoactive drugs were recorded,and the development of cardiovascular events within 2 days after surgery was also recorded.Results Compared with group G,standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals and standard deviation of the average 5-min normal-to-normal intervals at 1 and 2 days after surgery and root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent normal-to-normal intervals at 2 days after surgery were significantly increased,the total incidence of intraoperative cardiovascular events and requirement for vasoactive drugs were decreased,and the total incidence of cardiovascular events within 2 days after surgery was decreased in group D (P ＜0.05).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can reduce the development of perioperative cardiovascular events in elderly patients.

Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus species isolated from Ordos Central Hospital.Methods The Enterococcus strains were isolated from clinical specimens from January 2010 to June 2013.The identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were completed on VITEK 2 Compact.WHONET 5.6 software was used to analyze the data.Results A total of 271 strains of Enterococcus were collected,including E.faecium (50.6%,137/271), E.faecalis (29.5%,80/271),and other Enterococcus (19.9%,54/271).The Enterococcus isolates were mainly from urine (25.5%,69/271 ),pus (14.8%,40/271 )and wound secretion (12.5%,34/271 ).The E.faecalis strains were highly susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid.Only 1 .3% and 1 .5% of the strains were resistant to vancomycin and linezolid, respectively.No strains of E.faecalis were resistant to nitrofurantoin.The percentage of E.faecalis resistant to penicillin and ampicillin was 11.8% and 2.6%,respectively.About 31.0% and 22.9% of E.faecalis strains were resistant to gentamicin (high level)and streptomycin (high level),respectively.The E.faecium strains were more resistant to most antibiotics tested than E.faecalis.The drug-resistance rate of E.faecium strains to vancomycin was 4.4%.But no strains were found resistant to linezolid.Only 19.1% of these strains were resistant to nitrofurantoin.Also 44.8% and 26.4% of E. faecium isolates were resistant to gentamicin (high level)and streptomycin (high level),respectively.However,E.faecium was less resistant to tetracycline and quinupristin-dalfopristin than E.faecalis.The resistance rate was 58.3% and 0, respectively.Conclusions The E.faecium strains are more resistant to most drugs tested than E.faecalis.Some strains are resistant to vancomycin.The resistance of Enterococcus varies widely with region and species.Antimicrobial therapy for such enterococcal infections should be based on the results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

BACKGROUND:It has been found that central nervous system is involved in Guillain-Barre syndrome and Miller-Fisher syndrome, and the involved sites include optic nerve, brain stem and cerebellum. Abnormal signal of MRI can be observed in the brainstem and spinocerebellar tract of patients with Miller-Fisher syndrome. To establish an animal model of encephalitis after infection of Campylobacter jejuni, and investigate the mechanism of formation by means of imaging, immunology and pathology.OBJECTIVE: To construct an animal model of lesion of central nervous system after infection of Campylobacter jejuni Penner 4.DESIGN: A randomized grouping designed, controlled animal experiment.SETTING: Department of Imaging and Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University between August and December 2003. Fifteen healthy flap-eared rabbits were randomly divided into experimental group (n=10) and control group (n=5).METHODS: In the experimental group, Campylobacter jejuni inactivated bacteria liquor was completely emulsified with complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) of the same volume in week 1, and then the rabbits were immunized with subcutaneous injection at multiple points of bilateral axilla, bilateral groins and side of back spine, 1 mL for each site, and 5 mL for each rabbit; The rabbits were further immunized with intraperitoneal injection of simple Campylobacterjejuni inactivated bacteria liquor in the following every two weeks, 5 mL for each time in each rabbit for 5 times. In the control group, the Campylobacter jejuni inactivated bacteria liquor was replaced by saline of the same volume, the injected method and time were all the same as those in the experimental group. Evaluative methods: ①Symptoms and physical signs: their mental status, conditions of diet, urine and excrement, and activities of limbs were observed; ② Serological examination: the contents of anti-Campylobacterjejuni antibody, anti-IgG GM1 antibody and myelin basic protein (MBP) were detected with enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA); ③ MRI examination was applied to the randomly selected rabbits before every immunization with Toshiba 1.5 T MRI instrument. The scanning sequence included spin-echo T1-weighted image with the scanning parameter of 500/15 ms (TR/TE); rapid spin-echo T2-weighted image, 4 000/108 ms (TR/TE); fluid attented inversion recovery (Flair) sequence, the parameter was 10 000/120 ms (TR/TE), inversion angle was 90°. The thickness of scanning layer was 4.0 mm, and the layer space was 0.8 mm. ④ Histological examination: At 4 weeks after the first immunization, the attacked animals were induced to death by cardiac perfusion, and the skull was opened immediately to remove optic nerve, part white matter, hippocampus, brainstem, cerebellum and spinal cords of neck, chest and waist, which were fixed with formaldehyde solution (40 g/L),and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, fast blue staining and MBP immunohistochemical staining were performed respectively. At 10 weeks after immunization, 5 randomly selected rabbits in the experimental group and the 5 rabbits in the control group were treated with the same methods to obtain the histological samples.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The symptoms and physical signs,contents of anti-Campylobacterjejuni antibody, anti-IgG GM1 antibody and MBP, imaging observation and histological examination were mainly observed.RESULTS: Fifteen animals were enrolled, 14 were involved in the analysis of results, 1 rabbit in the experimental group died at 4 weeks after immunization. ① Mental symptoms and disorder of limb's activity occurred in 1 rabbit in the experimental group at 2 weeks after immunization. ② In the experimental group, titre of anti-Campylobacterjejuni-IgG antibody in serum reach the peak at 2-4 weeks. From week 2, the serum A value was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (1.923±0.403, 0.973±0.633, P ＜ 0.05). The IgG type GM1 (A value) was obviously elevated at week 8, but insignificantly different from that in the control group (0.115±0.042, 0.097±0.039, P ＞ 0.05). The MBP content (Avalue) in serum was significantly elevated at the 8th week (0.134±0.041).③ The imaging examination showed that abnormal MRI signal of different degree occurred at 2-4 weeks after immunization in the experimental group. ④ The histological changes showed that there was swelling of myelin sheath at the sites of brainstem, medulla oblongata, cervical spinal cord, thoracic spinal cord and lumbar spinal cord in the experimental group, no inflammatory cell infiltration and deletion of myelin sheath were observed. No obvious changes at the above site were observed in the contro1 group.CONCLUSION: Campylobacterjejuni Penner 4 can induce lesion of central nervous system.

Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) can infect human cell in vitro, which raised widely concerns re-garding the transmission of PERV to xenograft recipients. It's essential to establish a method for detection of PERV.3 pairs of primers were synthesized according to the sequence of gag, pol and env gene of PERV. Polymerase chainreaction (PCR) and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) assays were performed for detection of PERV provirusDNA and PERV specific mRNA. The results showed that provirus DNA and mRNA of PERV existed and expressedin all 4 tested cell lines. The sizes of amplified fragments are identical with the predicted. These methods may be suit-able for monitoring PERV in other cells or tissue.

ObjectiveTo observe the prepulse inhibition(PPI) ot the startle reflex of pure cerebral concussion (PCC) suffered from one concussion and multiple cerebral concussion (MCC) suffered from three concussions in rats,and to explore accumulate effect upon cognitive dysfunction of MCC.MethodsA metallic pendulum striker device for closed head injury was employed to duplicate PCC and MCC models in Stragu-Dawley rats.The MCC rats were hit three times on rats'head and it is interval 24 hours for every hit.According to the criteria of cerebral concussion,the investigated animals were divided into PCC group and MCC group at freedom.One control group was used.Each group included 10 animals.Each experience mental animal was tested from 3 days pre-injury to 28 days post-concussion.Startle reflex amplitude (for P values),pre-stimulation induced reflex amplitude on three standard stimulations,that was,67dB,69dB and 73dB (for PP67,PP69 and PP73 values) and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex (PPI) were collected.ResultsThe P values and three PP values in the first three days of pre-replication experiment,there was no statistical significance in each group.However the P values and PP67,PP69 and PP73 values declined until to the 16th day after injury (P＜0.05),then recovered in PCC group.The P value and PP67,PP69 and PP73 values changes of MCC group declined and not recovered until to test end (P＜0.05 ) and they were more lower than PCC.The three PPI values were a little bit increase in both groups,there were statistics significance at some test points (P＜0.05) compared with control.ConclusionThe startle reflex amplitude and pre-stimulation induced reflex amplitude weaken after cerebral concussion and there is damaging accumulate effect to injury times,the PPI is enlanced by cerebral concussion.

Objective To explore the differences between normotrophic and hypertrophic scars of lip after the surgical repair of the unilateral complete cleft lip in density of microvessels and the pattern of angiogenesis.Methods Hypertrophic scars (n=11) and normotrophic scars (n=20) were collected after correction of deformity of the unilateral complete cleft lip,and the tissues were stained with haematoxylin and eosin,and immunostained with anti-CD34 antibody.The structure of scar was observed and the microvessels were counted according to the CD34 expression.Using ImageJ software,the capillary density and length of the major and minor axes were measured,and the major:minor axes ratio was calculated.Results By statistical analysis of the capillary density,the length of the major and minor axes and the major:minor axes ratio were measured;we clarified that there were more capillaries in hypertrophic scars (87.91 ± 5.95)/mm2 than in normotrophic scars (49.84 ± 7.05)/mm2,(P＜0.01),and the length of the major and minor axes of hypertrophic scars (38.36± 26.36)and (17.33±10.45) μm were longer than the normotrophic scars (13.77±9.56)and (9.00± 5.14) μm,(P＜0.05.) The major:minor axes ratio of hypertrophic scars (2.85±0.57) was higher than the normotrophic scars (2.85 ± 0.57) (P＜0.01).Conclusions The significant increase in the density of microvessels and the variation in the pattern and morphology of angiogenesis are related to the formation and development of scar after operation of upper lip.

Objective To explore the ultrasonographic features of the gallbladder with malaria in stage of attack (MSA) at Sudan.Methods A total of 67 cases of MSA patients were divided into common type of malaria (CM) and sever malaria (SM).All patients underwent routine abdominal ultrasound examination and the ultrasonographic features of the gallbladder were divided into type Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ according to the volume of gallbladder,thickness of the gallbladder wall and chole stasis.The relationship between clinical types and the ultrasonic types were analyzed.Then the differences of liver function among normal,Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ types were compared statistically.Results In all of the 67 MSA patients,52 cases were CM and 15 cases were SM.The gallbladder ultrasonography showed that normal gallbladder were in 14 cases,type Ⅰ in 28 ca ses,type Ⅱ in 19 cases,type Ⅲ in 6 cases.The ultrasonic types of the gallbladder had significant difference in SM patients (type Ⅰ 3 cases,type Ⅱ 7 cases,type lⅢ 5 cases) and CM patients (normal 14 cases,type Ⅰ 25 cases,type Ⅱ 12 cases,type Ⅲ 1 case;P＜0.001).Ultrasonic types of the gallbladder had no difference between Chinese and Sudanese (P＞ 0.05).There were statistical significant differences of liver function among normal,Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ types of the gallbladder (P＜0.001).Conclusion Most of the MSA patients have ultrasonic changes of gallbladder.And there are more serious pathological changes of gallbladder in SM than that in CM.