Objective To explore the difference in pain threshold between related acupoints and the specificity of acupoints in cholecystitis patients.Method Actual measurement was made in 80cases, a normal group of 30 cases (volunteers without psychological and physiological diseases) and a patient group of 50 cases (volunteers with cholecystitis). The probe of an algometer was perpendicularly placed on the selected acupoint, the pressure point was pushed and pressing was stopped immediately after the subject felt pain. The pain thresholds displayed by the measured acupoints were recorded. The pain thresholds of the selected acupoints were compared between the normal and patient groups and thedifferences were analyzed to explore the specificity of acupoints.Result A comparison of the pain thresholds of the Back-Shu points of the Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang between the patient and normal groups showed that there were no significant differences in the thresholds of the left Back-Shu points Geshu (BL17), Ganshu (BL18), Danshu (BL19), Pishu (BL20), Weishu (BL21) and Dachangshu (BL25) of the bladder meridian between the two groups (P>0.05) and there were significant differences in the thresholds of the right Back-Shu points Geshu, Ganshu, Danshu, Pishu, Weishu and Dachangshu of the bladder meridian between the two groups (P<0.01). The pain threshold was significantly lower in thepatient group than in the normal group. A comparison of the pain thresholds of the main points of the Liver Meridian of Foot-Jueyin, the Gallbladder Meridian of Foot-Shaoyang and the stomach meridian between thepatient and normal groups showed that there were significant differences in the thresholds of the right points Liangmen (ST21), Riyue (GB24) and Qimen (LR14) of the liver, gallbladder and stomach meridians (P<0.01) and no significant difference in the threshold of the right point Taichong (LR3) between the two groups (P>0.05). The pain thresholdwas significantly lower in thepatient group than in the normal group. There were no significant differences in thethresholds of the left points Liangmen, Riyue, Qimen and Taichong of the Liver Meridian of Foot-Jueyin, the Gallbladder Meridian of Foot-Shaoyang and the stomach meridian between the patient and normal groups (P>0.05).Conclusion The pain sensitivity of ipsilaterali related acupoints increase and the relative specificity of acupoints exist in cholecystitis patients.

Objective To investigate the standardized treatment of 33 children with thalassemia and their family financial burden registered in Bao'an district, Shenzhen city, and to provide basic information for formulating health policy for the government. Methods In 2009, preliminary investigations on 39 registered families with thalassemia children were conducted by telephone, and a household survey was made to collect treatment and economic status by questionnaire on 33 children. Results Among 33 cases of thalassemia children, 21 cases(63.7%) were severe anemia, 5 cases( 15.1%) in need of care or special care, and 25 cases(75.8%) were difficult or unable to maintain standardized treatment. The average family monthly income and expenditure was (4060 ± 2002) and (4926 ± 2991) yuan, respectively. The average monthly treatment costs were (2665 ± 1872) yuan, and the average debt amounted to (64 600 ± 53 940) yuan. Fifteen families[60.0%(15/25)] would reduce the times of blood transfusions or iron transpirations when they encountered revenue deficiency. Conclusions The heavy economic burdens on families with children thalassemia result in inadequate or interrupted treatment on sick children and affect their survival and quality of life, which should be taken more attention and social care.

Objectives To investigate the role of lymphangiogenesis in the perineural micrometastasis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Methods The clinical data of 30 pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients who were admitted from Sep. 2005 to Oct. 2006 for extended radical surgery were collected. The samples including pancreatic cancer, adjacent tissue, lower bile duct, pancreatic tail, the structure surrounding the SMA (peripancreatic nerve plexus) and lymph nodes were collected during operation. They were subjected to conventional pathological examination. The lymphatic capillaries weredetected by double immunohistochemical staining and the lymphatic vessel density ( LVD) was measured. Results Intra-pancreatic and/or peripancreatic neural invasion was observed in 25 patients (83. 3% ) , of which 20 were found to have both the peri-pancreatic and intra-pancreatic neural invasion. The other 5 only had the intrapancreatic neural fiber invasion and there was no single patient with peri-pancreatic neural fiber invasion only. Peri-neural invasion was not significantly associated with patients' age, gender, lymph node metastasis, tumor size and the location (P > 0.05) , but was obviously associated with JPS clinical staging ( P < 0. 05 ). The mean intratumoral LVD was (4.2 ±3.4) per field, which was significantly lower than (11.3 ±6.9) per field of adjacent tissue and (10.8 ±4.4)per field of normal pancreatic tissue(P<0.01). The mean intratumoral LVD between adjacent tissue and normal pancreatic tissue was not statistically different. Lymphatic vessel invasion was observed in non-malignant tissues in 18 patients, and there was a distribution correlation between lymphatic vessel invasion and extra-pancreatic neural plexus invasion (P<0.05). Conclusions The incidence of peri-neural invasion was high, peri-neural invasion was associated with JPS clinical staging and lymphatic vessel invasion, which suggested the possibility of the cancer spreading by peritumoral lymphangiogenesis route into the peri-SMA neural plexuses.

To introduce the writing techniques for structured Abstract of literature review papers based on the knowledge of corpus linguistics,so as to summarize the stylistic,structural,syntactic and lexical characteristics,objectively and systematically.This research will also faci-litate the authors and translators,who have difficulties in writing structured English Abstract,to publish their articles via mastering its stylistic characteristics,writing format and language.

OBJECTIVEThe phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT signaling pathway is considered to play an important role in tumorigenesis. Frequent somatic mutations in the PI3K subunit p110a (PIK3CA) occur in a variety of cancer types. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between PIK3CA mutation in breast cancer and pathological features and outcome of patients.

METHODSThe PIK3CA mutations in exons 7, 9, 20 were screened in 250 primary breast cancers using PCR and fluorescent (F)-SSCP, and the results were analyzed according to their cliniopathological data.

RESULTSThe frequency of PIK3CA mutations among the 250 cases was 35.2% (88/250), point mutations in exon 7 were found in 8 (3.2%) cases,40 (16.0%) cases in exon 9 and 47 (18.8%) cases in exon 20. No significant correlation between PIK3CA mutation and age, histological type, differentiation, and lymph node metastasis was observed. Mutations were associated with larger tumor size (P = 0.004) and positive estrogen receptor status (P = 0.008). Patients with PIK3CA mutations showed a significantly worse survival (P = 0.004), particularly in those with positive estrogen receptor expression or non-amplified HER-2 (both P = 0.002).

CONCLUSIONSPIK3CA mutations may play an important role in the carcinogenesis and development of breast cancer. The association with large tumor size, ER+ and poor survival indicates that PIK3CA mutation could be an independent factor for tumor malignant phenotype and prognosis.

Adenocarcinoma ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Breast Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Lobular ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Medullary ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; Exons ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Middle Aged ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Point Mutation ; Receptor, ErbB-2 ; metabolism ; Receptors, Estrogen ; metabolism ; Survival Rate ; Tumor Burden ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo determine the number of goblet cells, the change of MUC5AC expression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and the relationship of smoking with goblet cell, MUC5AC, and lung function.

METHODSEighteen patients undergoing lung resections for a solitary peripheral carcinoma were classified by lung function as having COPD. Twenty patients with normal lung function served as the control group. Normal lobe bronchioles far away from the lesion site were taken for paraffin section. Goblet cells were identified by AB/PAS staining and the expression of MUC5AC in the paraffin's section was tested by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTSGoblet cell hyperplasia was observed in the COPD group. The positive rate of goblet cell in COPD group (0.20% +/- 0.10%) was significantly higher than that in the normal lung function group (0.13% +/- 0.06%, P < 0.05). The positive rate of MUC5AC expression in the COPD group (0.27% +/- 0.09%) was higher than that in the normal lung function group (0.20% +/- 0.10%, P < 0.05). The positive rate of goblet cell in smokers (27.93% +/- 9.00%) of the COPD group and normal lung function group was higher than that in non-smokers (17.70% +/- 9.37%, P < 0.05), while MUC5AC expression had no significant difference between smokers and non-smokers (17.88% +/- 6.44% and 10.88% +/- 7.10%, respectively).

CONCLUSIONFor COPD patients with declined lung function, there were goblet cell hyperplasia and increased expression of MUC5AC. MUC5AC expression up-regulation may due to goblet cell hyperplasia. Smoking may be an important factor for goblet cell hyperplasia.

Aged ; Bronchi ; pathology ; Cell Proliferation ; Epithelium ; pathology ; Exocrine Glands ; metabolism ; Goblet Cells ; pathology ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Middle Aged ; Mucin 5AC ; Mucins ; biosynthesis ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; metabolism ; pathology ; Smoking ; Up-Regulation

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of three kinds of artificial dermal scaffolds on vascularization and scar formation of wounds in pigs with full-thickness burn.

METHODSEighteen Bama miniature pigs were divided into chitosan scaffold (CS) group, sulfonated carboxymethyl chitosan scaffold (SCCS) group, and acellular dermal matrix (ADM) scaffold group according to the random number table, with 6 pigs in each group. Every pig in all groups was inflicted with 4 or 8 full-thickness scald wounds on the back (totally 96 wounds). Forty-eight hours after injury, eschars of all wounds were excised. Twenty-four wounds in CS group were transplanted with double-layer artificial dermis of collagen-chitosan and silicone rubber, those in SCCS group with double-layer artificial dermis of collagen-sulfonated carboxymethyl chitosan and silicone rubber, and those in ADM scaffold group with ADM. The rest 24 wounds in the three groups were dressed with vaseline gauze as control group. After 2 weeks of treatment, all wounds of every group were covered with skin. In post treatment (scaffold transplantation or gauze covering) week (PTW) 1, 2, 3, and 4, gross condition of wound was observed, and specimens from central parts of wounds were harvested for observation and assessment of vessels or cells with positive expression of CD31, α smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), TGF-β(1) and TGF-β(3) with SP staining. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and LSD test.

RESULTS(1) Degree of vascularization in SCCS group was better than that in the other three groups. (2) The number of vessels with positive expression of CD31 in CS, SCCS, ADM scaffold, and control groups increased gradually from PTW 1 to PTW 3, and decreased in PTW 4. There were statistical differences among 4 groups from PTW 1 to PTW 4 (with F value respectively 24.005, 38.822, 25.274, 3.856, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The numbers of vessels that expressed CD31 in SCCS group from PTW 1 to PTW 3 were more than those in the other three groups (with P values all below 0.05). (3) The numbers of vessels that expressed α-SMA in CS, SCCS, and ADM scaffold groups from PTW 1 to PTW 3 showed the similar trend of change to those of vessels that expressed CD31, which increased gradually in control group from PTW 1 to PTW 4. There were obvious differences among 4 groups from PTW 1 to PTW 4 (with F value respectively 22.637, 28.087, 62.651, 18.055, P values all below 0.01). The number of vessels that expressed α-SMA in SCCS group from PTW 1 to PTW 4 was more than that in the other three groups (with P values all below 0.05). (4) From PTW 1 to PTW 4, the number of cells with expression of TGF-β(1) in CS group was respectively (127 ± 8), (167 ± 19), (170 ± 18), (144 ± 10) per 400 times visual field, that in SCCS group was respectively (171 ± 17), (207 ± 25), (130 ± 30), (69 ± 16) per 400 times visual field, that in ADM scaffold group was respectively (106 ± 8), (159 ± 17), (171 ± 11), (145 ± 11) per 400 times visual field, and that in control group was respectively (100 ± 20), (150 ± 18), (200 ± 14), (172 ± 20) per 400 times visual field. There were statistical differences among 4 groups from PTW 1 to PTW 4 (with F value respectively 29.675, 9.503, 13.107, 54.515, P values all below 0.01). Compared with those in SCCS group, the number of cells that expressed TGF-β(1) in the other three groups was decreased in PTW 1, 2 but increased in PTW 3, 4 (with P values all below 0.05). (5) The number of cells that expressed TGF-β(3) in 4 groups increased gradually from PTW 1 to PTW 3, and decreased or increased continually in PTW 4. There were statistical differences among 4 groups from PTW 1 to PTW 4 (with F value respectively 140.612, 945.850, 714.037, 119.147, P values all below 0.01). The number of cells with positive expression of TGF-β(3) in SCCS group from PTW 1 to PTW 4 was more than that in the other three groups (with P values all below 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe collagen-sulfonated carboxymethyl chitosan dermal scaffold can rapidly induce growth and maturation of blood vessels during wound healing after burn. It is beneficial for wound repair at early stage with inhibition of scar proliferation.

Acellular Dermis ; Animals ; Burns ; surgery ; Chitosan ; analogs & derivatives ; Cicatrix ; pathology ; Collagen ; Dermis ; transplantation ; Female ; Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Skin Transplantation ; Skin, Artificial ; Swine ; Tissue Scaffolds ; Wound Healing

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship between expression of Smad3, Smad7 and ventricular remodeling in rats after myocardial infarction.

METHODSMyocardial infarction was induced by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation in rats (n = 11) and sham-operated rats were used as control (n = 10). The rats were sacrificed 8 weeks later. Heart weight/body weight (HW/BW), mean blood pressure, left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), collagen content in the un-infarcted area were examined. The mRNA levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)beta(1), Smad 3, Smad7 were determined by RT-PCR.

RESULTCompared with controls, the level of HW/BW, LVEDP and collagen content were significant increased. The mRNA expression of TGFbeta(1) and Smad3 was significantly increased in areas of myocardial infarction, border of the infarction, interventricular septum and right ventricle. The expression of Smad7 mRNA in these areas was decreased.

CONCLUSIONThese results indicated that TGFbeta(1)-Smads signaling was correlated to the ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. Smad3 might promote the process while Smad7 inhibit the process.

Animals ; Male ; Myocardial Infarction ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Smad3 Protein ; genetics ; metabolism ; Smad7 Protein ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; metabolism ; Ventricular Remodeling

OBJECTIVETo analyze the efficacy and safety of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI) based on the meta-analysis.

METHODSEligible published randomized controlled clinical research (RCT) were retrieved in the Pubmed, EMBase, Cochrane, China biological medical literature, Wanfang, VIP and CNKI database from 1980 to April 2, 2012. The analysis was performed with the software of RevMan 5.1.

RESULTSThirteen RCTs with 1958 patients (AMI with IABP therapy, n = 970,without IABP therapy, n = 988) were included. The 30-day mortality between the two groups was similar (RR = 0.77, 95%CI 0.58-1.03, P = 0.08), but the 30-day mortality in the cardiac shock subgroup was significantly lower in IABP group than in without IABP group (RR = 0.65, 95%CI 0.44-0.97, P = 0.04). The 6-month mortality was significantly lower in IABP group than in without IABP group (RR = 0.72, 95%CI 0.55-0.94, P = 0.02). The incidence of major bleeding was significantly higher in IABP group than in without IABP group (RR = 1.43, 95%CI 1.16-1.75, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONIABP therapy is effective to reduce earlier mortality post AMI, particularly for patients with cardiac shock.

Humans ; Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping ; Myocardial Infarction ; therapy ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Treatment Outcome

BACKGROUNDTransforming growth factor (TGF) beta(1)-Smads signal plays an important role in cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction (MI). In addition, both angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and angiotensin II type I receptor blocker (ARB) can effectively prevent left ventricular remodeling. The current study focused on whether the combination of ACEI and ARB is more beneficial for preventing ventricular remodeling and whether Smad proteins mediate this beneficial effect.

METHODSMI was induced by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery in rats. Twenty-four hours after ligation, the survived rats were randomly divided into five groups and treated for 8 weeks: placebo group, ACEI group (benazepril 10 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)), ARB group (irbesartan 50 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)), ACEI + ARB group (benazepril 10 mg.kg(-1).d(-1) + irbesartan 50 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)) and control group (sham-operated rats). After 8 weeks, we examined the following indexes: the ratio of ventricular weight to body weight (VW/BW), left ventricular end diastolic dimension (LVDd), ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS), ratio of E-wave to A-wave velocity, collagen of noninfarcted zone, the mRNA expression of TGFbeta(1), Smad 2, and Smad 3 by RT-PCR in noninfarcted zone, the protein expression of Smad 2 and Smad 3 in noninfarcted zone by Western blot.

RESULTSVW/BW significantly increased in the placebo groups compared with that in the control group (P < 0.01). This increase was limited in ACEI, ARB, and combined groups (P < 0.01 compared with placebo group). There was no significant difference among the three actively treated groups. Collagen was increased in placebo group (5.68 +/- 0.5)% compared with that in control group (P < 0.01). ACEI, ARB and combined treatment attenuated this increase of collagen [(4.3 +/- 0.5)%, (3.5 +/- 0.5)%, (3.2 +/- 0.4)%] in comparison with that in placebo group (P < 0.01 respectively). Combined treatment showed more significant effect on collagen deposition. EF and FS significantly decreased, LVDd and E/A significantly increased in placebo group compared with that in control group (P < 0.01 respectively). ACEI, ARB and combined treatment ameliorated these indexes (P < 0.01 compared with placebo group). The mRNA expression of TGFbeta(1), Smad 2, and Smad 3 (0.700 +/- 0.045, 0.959 +/- 0.037 and 0.850 +/- 0.051) increased in placebo group compared with that in control group (P < 0.01). ACEI, ARB and combined treatment normalized the increase (P < 0.01). Furthermore, ARB and combined treatment proved to be more effective in decreasing TGF beta(1) and Smad mRNA expression than ACEI treatment (P < 0.01). The expression of Smad 2 and Smad 3 protein increased in placebo group compared with that in control group (P < 0.01). ACEI, ARB and combined treatment normalized the increase (P < 0.01). Furthermore, ARB and combined treatment proved to be more effective than ACEI alone (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSTGFbeta(1)-Smads signal activation is correlated with ventricular remodeling following MI. ACEI and ARB treatment prevents ventricular remodeling by inhibiting expression of Smad 2 and Smad 3. ARB and combined treatment are more effective than ACEI alone.

Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Animals ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Echocardiography ; Male ; Myocardial Infarction ; drug therapy ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Smad2 Protein ; analysis ; genetics ; Smad3 Protein ; analysis ; genetics ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; genetics ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; Ventricular Remodeling ; drug effects