Existing antidepressants exhibit delayed onset of action,which can decrease the compliance of the patients and enhance the risk of suicide.How to produce early-onset antidepressants with higher efficacy and lower adverse reactions has become a crucial point in the research of antidepressants.It has been demonstrated that selective 5-HT1Aantagonist,?2 antagonist and 5-HT2Aantagonist can accelerate the response of classic antidepressants.Furthermore,5-HT/NE dual reuptake inhibitor and 5-HT/NE/DA triple reuptake inhibitor can also produce early onset of action.Here,several reasons for the delayed onset of action and the progress in the development of early-onset antidepressants are reviewed.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of ginger-partitioned moxibustion in improving blood flow velocity in lower limbs of post-stroke patients.Methods Ninety post-stroke patients were randomized into a treatment group and a control group, 45 in each group. The treatment group was intervened by ginger-partitioned moxibustion, while the control group was by conventional acupuncture. Before and after intervention, the blood flow velocity in lower limbs, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Barthel Index (MBI) were evaluated.Results After 4-week treatment, the maximum blood flow velocity (Vmax) was significantly changed in the treatment group (P<0.05), and there was a significant difference in comparing the Vmax between the two groups after intervention (P<0.05); the NIHSS and MBI scores were significantly changed after intervention in the treatment group (P<0.05), and there was a significant difference in comparing MBI score between the two groups after intervention (P<0.05).Conclusions Ginger-partitioned moxibustion can accelerate the blood flow velocity in lower limbs of the post-stroke patients, improve blood circulation and the activities of life.

Acetylcholinesterase ; metabolism ; Adult ; Erythrocyte Count ; Erythrocytes ; enzymology ; Humans ; Male ; Motion Sickness ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Naval Medicine

Atrioventricular Block ; chemically induced ; Child ; Humans ; Male ; Mercury Poisoning ; complications

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anthracosis ; complications ; microbiology ; Cerebral Infarction ; etiology ; Cross Infection ; complications ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pneumonia ; complications

OBJECTIVE To explore the antidepressant effect and the underlying mechanisms of schisandrin (SCH), a component of the fruits of Schizandra chinesis. METHODS The forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) in mice were used to evaluate the antidepressant activity of SCH (5, 10, and 30 mg · kg-1) following single administration intragastrically, and the locomotor activity was investigated to exclude its neural excitatory effects. Effects of SCH on neural monoamine systems were studied in two pharmacological models, including reserpine induced monoamine depletion test and yohimbine toxicity potentiation test. RESULTS In behavioral despair models, SCH (30 mg·kg-1) signif?icantly decreased the immobility time in the TST and FST (P<0.05) compared with normal control group. Results of the locomotor activity experiment showed that SCH had no excitatory or inhibitory actions on the central nervous system. In the reserpine reversal experiment, SCH (30 mg · kg-1) antagonized thepalpebral ptosis and akinesia symptoms caused by reserpine(2.5 mg · kg-1) treatment (P<0.05) compared with model group, but had little effect on the drop of the anal temperature. Moreover, SCH did not increase the lethality caused by subcutaneous injection of yohimbine (30 mg · kg-1)at the threshold lethal dosage. CONCLUSION SCH exerts potential antidepressant-like effect in mice.

Objective Determination of polysaccharide content in dried peel seeding watermelon, and its mechanism of lowering blood glucose.Methods The content of polysaccharides in dried peel of seeding watermelon was determined by the method of phenol-sulfuric acid.Mice were given starch and sucrose load,and the mouse blood glucose was examined.The inhibitory activities of seeding watermelon against α-glucosidase were tested by the colorimetry of pNPG.Results The calibration of polysaccharide was A=0.066 4 C+0.022 6, R2=0.999 5, the content of polysaccharide in dried peel of seeding watermelon was 4.45% (n=10,RSD=1.80%);50,100 and 150 mg·kg-1 of polysaccharide could significantly reduce the starch load in mice blood glucose(P<0.01);100 and 150 mg·kg-1 of polysaccharide significantly reduced sucrose load blood glucose(P<0.01);polysaccharide concentration in 18 mg·mL-1 could significantly inhibit the activity of α-glucosidase as the inhibitory rate was (73.19±3.45)% (n=10).Conclusion Seeding watermelon polysaccharide has effect on lowering blood glucose in starch and sucrose load mice, and inhibits α-glucosidase significantly.

Objective To make a systematic evaluation of the efficacy and safety of Eszopiclon and Alprazolam in the treatment of insomnia.Methods By searching the PubMed,Cochrance Library,CNKI, WANFANG,and VIP database,we studied the literature published between 2005 to 2016 on the efficacy and safety of Eszopiclon and Alprazolam in the treatment of insomnia.We collected the randomized controlled trials (RCTs), evaluated the quality of methods and then analyzed the data using RevMan5.3 software.Results A total of 18 RCTs were included,involving 2088 patients.According to Meta-analysis,Eszopiclon group had a significantly higher total efficacy rate [RR=1.07,95% CI (1.02,1.11),P=0.003],lower severity of adverse reactions [MD=-0.43,95% CI(-0.75,-0.12),P=0.008]and incidence of adverse reactions [RR=0.46,95% CI(0.32, 0.66),P<0.0001]than Alprazolam group.However,the two groups did not significantly differ in sleep quality scores after 4-week teatment [MD=-0.05,95% CI(-0.22,0.12),P=0.54].Conclusion Eszopiclon is more effective on insomnia than Alprazolam,with better safety,and it deserves wide clinical use.

Bipolar disorder(BD)is a serious mood disorder with high prevalence,morbidity and mortality rates. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β(GSK-3β) is a multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase that is generally located in eukaryotic cells with such functions as the adjustment of the synthe?sis of glycogen metabolism,cell proliferation and differentiation and gene expression. It is involved in multiple signaling pathways and regulates cell signaling proteins,structural proteins and transcription factors through phosphorylation,affecting the survival of the neurons and plasticity. According to gene poly?morphism and clinical studies,GSK-3β may be associated with BD. As a GSK-3β inhibitor,lithium is an effective BD therapeutic drug,and the small molecule inhibitor targeting GSK-3βis also a hotspot of BD treatment. GSK-3βmay be a potential target in the treatment of BD.

Objective To assess renal perfusion of chronic renal failure(CRF) at different stages in rabbits by contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Methods Fifteen rabbits were injected cationic bovine serum albumin(C-BSA) intravenously for 8 weeks to establish CRF models. Serum creatinine(Scr) and blood urea nitrogen(BUN) were determined before injection and 2,4,6,8 weeks after C-BSA injection respectively. The size of kidney was measured by two-dimensional ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound was performed on bilateral kidneys at the same time points. Renal perfusion was analyzed quantitatively with the time intensity curve. Results Renal cortical perfusion reduced started at 4weeks after injection,manifested as the peak signal intensity(PSI) of the time-intensity curve parameters decreased(P<0.05 or P <0.01). The speeds of perfusion and clearance of kidney were slower,showed as the time to peak intensity(PIT) and the time to half of peak intensity(HPT) delayed (P <0.05 or P <0.01). Compared with pre-injection, there were no differences in terms of the area under the curve(AUC) at 2,4 and 6 weeks after injection (all P> 0.05). And compared with pre-injection,2,4,6 weeks after injection, the AUC decreased at 8 weeks (P < 0.05 or P <0.01 ). The level of Scr and BUN of rabbits had increased since 6 weeks after injection (P< 0.05 or P <0.01). Two-dimensional ultrasound showed the renal volume was enlarged and the cortex was thickened from 2 weeks to 6 weeks after injection (P<0.05 or P <0.01). At 8 weeks after injection, the renal size had decreased as well (P < 0.05). These ultrasound changes were in accordance with its pathological changes. Conclusions Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in combination with time-intensity curve can quantitatively analyze the renal perfusion of CRF at different stages. The reduction of renal perfusion was earlier than the changes of routine laboratory indexes in rabbits with CRF. The haemodynamic changes of CRF rabbit were closely related with its pathological changes.