Recent evidence has shown that neurogenesis occurs throughout adulthood, and neural stem cells reside in the adult central nervous system (CNS) in mammals. Experimental stroke in adult mammals increases neurogenesis from neural stem cells or progenitor cells located in the dentate subgranular zone and the subventricular zone lining the lateral ventricle. New neurons can migrate to the areas of damage regions and express morphological markers characteristic of died neurons. These findings bring hope for self-repair after brain injury. The author of this paper reviewed the adult neurogenesis and its regulation in vivo, and described evidence for stroke-induced neurogenesis and neuronal replacement in the adult, and discussed the future research directions about neurogenesis after stroke and other brain injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of madecassoside (MC) on the depression behavior of mice and the activities of monoamine oxidase (MAO) in different rat brain regions. METHODS: Imipramine as the positive contrast medicine, effects of MC on the depression behavior of mice were observed by forced swimming test and reserpine antagonist test. Moclobemide and pargyline as the positive controlled medicines, the activities of monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) in different rat brain regions were determined after intragastric administration of MC in 3 different dosages for 3 days or 21 days. RESULTS: (1) The low, middle and high dosages of MC (i.g.) significantly reduced the immobility time of mice in forced swimming test (P<0.05). (2) MC in dosages of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg prevented the lowering of temperature induced by reserpine (P<0.05), while 40 mg/kg had no significant effects on it (P>0.05). (3) With acute administration (3 days), the low, middle and high dosagey of MC (i.g.) significantly inhibited the activity of MAO-A in hippocampus (P<0.01), and the high dosage significantly inhibited the activity of MAO-A in hypothalamus (P<0.01), while the 3 dosages had no significant effects on the activity of MAO-A in cortex (P>0.05). With chronic administration (21 days), MC in 3 dosages had no significant effects on the activities of MAO-A in cortex and hypothalamus (P>0.05), and the high dosage (40 mg/kg) significantly enhanced the activity of MAO-A in hippocampus (P<0.01). (4) With acute administration, MC in dosages of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg significantly inhibited the activity of MAO-B in cortex (P>0.05), and MC in dosage of 10 mg/kg significantly inhibited the activity of MAO-B in hypothalamus (P<0.05), and MC in dosage of 20 mg/kg significantly enhanced the activity of MAO-B in hippocampus (P<0.01). With chronic administration, MC of 3 dosages produced no significant effects on the activities of MAO-B in 3 different rat brain regions (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: These results support the idea that MC produces antidepressant effects through MAO inhibition in rat brain, which seems stronger with acute administration than chronic administration, while its mechanism remains to be further studied.

Objective To explore the differences of the connectivity strength,the clustering coefficient and the local efficiency of the nodes in the brain structural networks in the depression and healthy subjects and then analyze the mode of the local connections of the brain regions and their local efficiency of the transmission of information and their relationship with the severity of the disease in the depression.Methods The Diffusion Tensor Imaging data were obtained from 24 depression patients and 25 healthy controls.The whole cerebral cortex was parcellated into 90 regions by the anatomical label map.Tractography was performed in the whole cerebral cortex of each subject to reconstruct white matter tracts of the brain using the fiber assignment by continuous tracking (FACT) algorithm.And then the brain structural networks were constructed using the complex network theory.The local topological properties of the brain structural networks of the depression and healthy were examined by two sample t-test.Results The local efficiency of the nodes of the networks in depression decreased significantly (the left middle frontal gyrus (orbital part):0.64±0.30,the left hippocampus:0.57±0.07,the right parahippocampal gyrus:0.50±0.15) compared with the healthy (0.88±0.10,0.64±0.06,0.66±0.13 respectively,P=0.00098,0.00039,0.00017,survived critical FDR threshold for multiple comparisons) ; and the clustering coefficient of the nodes of the networks in depression (the left middle frontal gyrus (orbital part):0.14±0.07) decreased significantly when compared with the healthy (0.22±0.06,P=0.000030,survived critical FDR threshold for multiple comparisons).Significant negative correlation was found between the local efficiency of the left middle frontal gyrus (orbital part) and the total scores of HAMD-17 in the depression (r=-0.48,P=0.02).Conclusion The degree of the localization and the local efficiency of the information transmission of the frontal lobe are decreased.The local efficiency in the information transmission in the hippocampal is also decreased.And the local efficiency of the frontal lobe is negatively related with the severity of the disease in the depression.

Objective To explore the differences in the strength of the nodes in the brain white matter weighted networks between the male patients with paranoid schizophrenia and male healthy controls, and to analysis the integrity of the white matter fiber tracts that connected to the different brain regions and its relationship with the course of disease. Methods Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data were obtained from 25 male patients with paranoid schizophrenia and 26 male healthy controls. The whole brain was parcellated into 90 regions by using the anatomical label map. Tractography was performed in the whole brain of each subject to reconstruct white matter tracts using the FACT algorithm. The brain white matter weighted networks were then constructed using the complex network theory. Results The strength of the nodes in the networks of schizophrenia significantly decreased in the right thalamus (P=0.03, corrected) and the right hes?chl gyrus (P=0.04, corrected). Negative correlation was found between the strength of the right thalamus and the course of disease (r=-0.45, P=0.03). Conclusion The integrity of the white matter fiber tracts connected to the thalamus and tem?poral lobes in the male paranoid schizophrenia is impaired. The lesion of fiber tracts connected to the thalamus is related with the course of disease.

Objective To investigate the small-worldness and the betweenness centrality of the nodes in the brain structural networks and its relationship with the course and the central role of the brain regions in the transmission of information across the whole brain in depression.Methods The diffusion tensor imaging data were obtained from 27 depression patients and 33 healthy controls.The brain structural networks were constructed using the complex network theory.Results The brain structural networks had small-world properties in both groups.When compared with the healthy,the betweenness centrality of the nodes of the networks in depression significantly decreased in right superior frontal gyms (orbital part) (P=0.00035,region survived critical FDR threshold for multiple comparisons),and left putamen (P=0.00054,region survived critical FDR threshold for multiple comparisons).Significant negative correlation was found between the betweenness centrality of left hippocampus and the course in the depression(r=0.50,P=0.016).Conclusion Both of the brain structural networks in depression patients and normal people have the property of small-worldness.But the central role of orbit frontal cortex and putamen in the transmission of information across the whole brain is declined,and the betweenness centrality of hippocampus is negatively related with the course in the depression.

Objective To explore the differences of the degree and distribution of hub regions of the brain structural networks between the schizophrenia and healthy and then analysis the importance of brain regions in the information transmission in across the whole brain.Methods The diffusion tensor imaging data were obtained from 22 schizophrenia patients and 24 healthy controls.The whole cerebral cortex was parcellated into 90 regions by the anatonical label map.Tractography was performed in the whole cerebral cortex of each subject to reconstruct white matter tracts of the brain using the fiber assignment by continuous tracking (FACT) algorithm.And then the brain structural binary networks were constructed using the complex network theory.The average degree of the network and the degree of the nodes in the network between the brain structural networks of both groups were examined by two sample t-tests.Results The average degree of the brain structural network in the patient group (7.82±0.56) decreased significantly when compared with the control group (8.17 ±0.56; P=0.04).The degree of the nodes in the brain structural network of the patient group (the left hippocampus:11.41 ± 1.84; the left parahippocampal gyrus:6.41± 1.33 ; the left calcarine fissure:11.50±2.97 ; the left fusiform gyrus:8.27± 1.83) decreased significantly when compared with the control group (14.43±2.26; 8.54±2.15; 14.79±2.80; 10.25± 1.36; all P＜0.01,survived critical FDR threshold for multiple comparisons).And the distribution of the hub regions in the temporal and occipital lobes of the patient group was difference from that of the control group.Conclusion The importance of the hippocampus and the brain regions in the occipital lobe is decrease for the information transmission across the whole brain.The damage of the topological properties of these brain regions maybe related to the disorder of the transmission and integration of information in the brain of the schizophrenia.

Objective To explore the differences of the global efficiency of the brain structural networks between the male paranoid schizophrenia and male healthy and its relationship with the psychotic symptoms of the schizophrenia.Methods The diffusion tensor imaging data were obtained from 27 male paranoid schizophrenia patients and 28 male healthy controls.The whole cerebral cortex was parcellated into 90 regions by the anatomical label map.Tractography was performed in the whole cerebral cortex of each subject to reconstruct white matter tracts of the brain using fiber assignment by continuous tracking(FACT) algorithm.And then the brain structural binary networks were constructed using the complex network theory.The average global efficiency of the brain network and the global efficiency of the nodes of both groups were examined by two sample t-test and its relationship with the psychotic symptoms in the male paranoid schizophrenia was explored by the correlation analysis.Results Compared with control group,the average global efficiency of the brain network of the patients decreased significantly (7.87±0.56,8.17±0.56,P=0.005),and the global efficiency of the nodes in the brain network of the patient decreased significantly in the left superior frontal gyrus (orbital part) (P=0.00025),the left superior parietal gyrus (P=0.00011),the left cuneus (P=0.00012) and the left putamen (P=0.00032),all survived FDR correction.Significant negative correlation was found between the global efficiency of the left putamen and the total scores (r=-0.43,P=0.03),the positive scores (r=-0.41,P=0.03) and the cognitive scores (r=-0.40,P=0.04) of PANSS.Conclusion The decreased global efficiency of the left frontal,parietal and occipital lobes and the subcortical structures lead to the occurrence of schizophrenia.And the reduced efficiency of the subcortical structures is associated with the positive symptoms and the abnormal cognitive function of the patients.

The information-knowledge-intelligence transformation rules were introduced as the theory for the transformation of information service main body for evidence-based medicine according to the analysis of domestic and foreign institutional main body and personal main body for the information service of evidence-based medicine.It was proposed that medical library as the institutional main body should be transformed into information repository + thinking library and clinical medical librarians as the personal main body should be transformed into evidence witness + decision making adviser with associated literacy.

Objective:To construct the molecular transmission network of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epidemic strains in northern Zhejiang Province (Jiaxing City and Huzhou City) and to explore the HIV-1 transmission characteristics in this region.Methods:A total of 371 newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients in Jiaxing City and Huzhou City in 2017 were included as study subjects, and the blood samples were collected and the basic demographic and epidemiological information were obtained. RNA in plasma was extracted, and the pol region gene sequence was amplified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to construct phylogenetic tree for identifying subtypes. The pairwise genetic distances were calculated, and the optimal threshold of genetic distance was selected, and finally the molecular transmission network was constructed. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results:The pol region gene sequences of 336 samples were successfully obtained, and 11 subtypes were detected, mainly including circulating recombinant form (CRF)07_BC (40.8%, 137/336) and CRF01_AE (31.2%, 105/336). Based on the 1.0% genetic distance threshold, the molecular transmission network of HIV-1 was plotted. A total of 38 transmission clusters (cluster sizes ranging from two to 28) including 119 patients were found, with males predominantly (82.4%, 98/119) and most of the patients aged over 40 (include 40) years old (52.9%, 63/119), mainly infected with CRF07_BC subtype (57.1%, 68/119) and CRF01_AE (24.4%, 29/119). The clustering rate of CRF07_BC (49.6%, 68/137) was significantly higher than that of CRF01_AE (27.6%, 29/105), the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=5.27, P=0.022). Two large clusters C1 (28 cases) and C2 (11 cases) were identified, the majority of which were men who have sex with men (17 cases and seven cases, respectively). High-risk cases generally sought sexual partners in local or nearby cities through mobile phone dating software, of which the infected sequences mostly had high homology with other economic developed regions (Guangdong Province, Beijing City and Hangzhou City, etc.). Conclusions:The HIV-1 subtypes are diverse in Jiaxing City and Huzhou City, mainly CRF07_BC and CRF01_AE. The HIV-1 transmission networks are complex, among which high-risk cases may be the key factor leading to the HIV-1 epidemic in the region. Therefore, it is urgent to deepen the transmission network monitoring and formulate timely precise intervention and prevention strategies.

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of quercetin, a flavonoid, on the learning and memory ability of 3-day-old neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain white matter damage (WMD).

METHODSSixty 3-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, WMD model,and quercetin treatment groups (20 and 40 mg/kg). There were 15 rats in each group. Rats in the WMD model and the two quercetin treatment groups were subjected to right common carotid artery ligation followed by 2 hrs of exposure to 8% O2 to induce periventricular white matter injury. After the operation quercetin was administered daily in the two quercetin treatment groups for 6 weeks. Six weeks later, Morris water maze and open-field tests were carried out to test memory and learning ability as well as behavior and cognition.

RESULTSFrom the second day of training, escape latency in the Morris water maze test was more prolonged in the WMD model group than in the control group (P<0.01). The escape latency in the two quercetin treatment groups was shortened significantly compared with the WMD model group (P<0.05). The WMD model group crossed the original platform fewer times compared with the control and quercetin treatment groups (P<0.05). The open-field test indicated that the number of rearings increased and time spent in the centre was extended in the WMD model group compared with the control group. Compared with the WMD model group, the number of rearings was significantly reduced (P<0.05) and time spent in the centre was significantly shortened in the quercetin treatment groups (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSQuercetin treatment can improve memory and learning ability as well as cognitive ability in neonates with WMD, suggesting that quercetin protects against WMD resulting from hypoxia-ischemia.

Animals ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain ; drug therapy ; psychology ; Learning ; drug effects ; Maze Learning ; drug effects ; Memory ; drug effects ; Quercetin ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley