Objective To observe the impact of DPP4 inhibitor Saxagliptin on body weight of type 2 diabetes patients. Methods In this randomized and parallel study,50 patients were given either Saxagliptin(n=25)or Glimepiride(n=24). The changes of body weight, HbA1c and hypoglycemic events were observated in 12 weeks. Results There were no significant difference in gender,age and body weight between 2 groups(P>0. 05). After 12 weeks treatment,body weight has significant changed in both group,and the weight changes were sig-nificant differet in two groups:an average of 0. 4 kg weight was increased in Glimepiride group and 0. 4 kg weight was decreased in Saxagliptin group (P<0. 05). The change of HbA1c level has no statistical difference in two groups (P>0. 05). Hypoglycemia event was happened four times in Glimepiride group,while no hypoglycemia event was happened in Saxagliptin group. Conclusion Compared with Glimepiride,Saxa-gliptin provides similar hypoglycemic action with less hypoglycemia,at the same time,Saxagliptin yields better results in lowering weight.

Mesaconitine was incubated with rat liver microsomes in vitro. The metabolites of mesaconitine in rat liver microsomes were identified by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method with high resolution power. A typical reaction mixture of 100 mol L-1 Tris-HCI buffer (pH 7.4) containing 0.5 gL-1 microsomal protein and 50 micro molL-1 mesaconitine was prepared. The above reaction mixture was divided into six groups, and the volume of each group was 200 micro L. The incubation mixture was pre-incubated at 37 degrees C for 2 min and the reactions were initiated by adding NADPH generating system. After 90 min incubation at 37 degrees C, 200 micro L of acetonitrile was added to each group to stop the reaction. The metabolites of mesaconitine were investigated by UPLC-MS/MS method. Mesaconitine and 6 metabolites M1-M6 were found in the incubation system. The structures were characterized according to the data from MS/MS spectra and literatures. The metabolic reactions of mesaconitine in rat liver microsomes included the demethylation, deacetylation, dehydrogenation and hydroxylation. The major metabolic pathways of mesaconitine in rat liver microsomes were determined by UPLC-MS/MS on multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode combined with specific inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms, including alpha-naphthoflavone (CYP1A2), quinine (CYP2D), diethyldithiocarbamate (CYP2E1), ketoconazole (CYP3A) and sulfaphenazole (CYP2C), separately. Mesaconitine was mainly metabolized by CYP3A. CYP2C and CYP2D were also more important CYP isoforms for the metabolism reactions of mesaconitine, but CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 haven't any contribution to MA metabolism in rat liver microsomes.
Aconitine ; analogs & derivatives ; metabolism ; Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A ; metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; metabolism ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Ketoconazole ; pharmacology ; Male ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Microsomes, Liver ; enzymology ; metabolism ; Quinine ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sulfaphenazole ; pharmacology ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Objective To explore the safe bone channels for transverse placement of sacroiliac screws via the second sacral vertebra in the fixation of longitudinal fracture of the sacrum by digital analysis and clinical observation.Methods Firstly,abdomen CT scanning was performed in 50 healthy adult volunteers.They were 30 males and 20 females,aged from 18 to 56 years (mean,34.6 years).After their CT images were transformed by software Materialise Mimics Innovation Suite 15.0,three-dimensional (3D) models of the pelvis were generated,stored in stereolithography format,and transferred into software Imageware 12.0.In the standard antero-posterior position,the sacrum was segmented and the points of 2D image coordinate geometric boundary were extracted to generate an optimal channel for transverse placement of sacroiliac screws via the second sacral vertebra.Secondly,we admitted 10 patients with longitudinal fracture of the sacrum.They were 7 men and 3 women,aged from 20 to 51 years (average,38.3 years).By Tile classification,4 cases were type B2 and 6 type C1.All the fractures were Denis region Ⅱ ones.Pubic ramus fracture was complicated in 3 cases.After traction reduction of the tibial tubercle was conducted for patients with obvious displacement,the optimal channel was calculated on the basis of the CT data.On the lateral images of the sacrum acquired before operation by C-arm fluoroscopy,the optimal channel for transverse placement of sacroiliac screws via the second sacral vertebra was located.After the skin was marked,2.5 mm Kirschner wire was drilled and the 6.0 mm hollow screws were fixated along the Kirschner wire.Postoperative CT scanning images and 3D reconstructed models were analyzed to validate the accuracy of screw placement.Results The projection of safety bone channel on the sagittal fluoroscopy of S2 vertebral body displayed an irregular water drop shape;the projection area in males (213.9 ± 52.4 mm2) was significantly larger than that in the females (171.6 ±49.6 mm2) (P ＜ 0.05).The average length of the channel in men (135.2 ± 12.9 mm) was significantly longer than that in women (121.1 ± 10.1 mm);the average diameter of the screw in men (10.2 ± 0.9 mm) was also significantly larger than that in women (9.1 ±0.8 mm) (P ＜ 0.05).The postoperative X-ray and CT scanning images showed satisfactory positions and lengths of the screws.The screw lengths averaged 98.2 mm;the operation time averaged 25.6 min.No nerve or vascular injury,loosening or breakage of the sacroiliac screws occurred in the patients.Follow-ups for 12 to 24 months revealed no other complications.Conclusion The safety channel for transverse placement of sacroiliac screws via the second sacral vertebra can be determined using the lateral 3D reconstruction images of the sacrum in preoperative planning,which facilitates the percutaneous transverse fixation of longitudinal fracture of the sacrum.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of health education on controlling of coal-burning-borne endemic fluorosis(referred to as endemic fluorosis) in Guizhou,and to provide a scientific basis for development of control strategies.Methods A total of 37 counties were selected in Guizhou province,and 3 townships were chosen in each project county.Heath educational activities were carried out in the classes of grade 5 in the Central Primary School of each selected township.In the meantime,3 villages were chosen in each selected township where the health education for women of child-bearing age in the community was carried out.Survey on knowledge questionnaire of endemic fluorosis control was conducted among 30 students of grade 5 in the Central Primary School and 15 women of childbearing age of each selected township before and after the health educational activities.Results The knowing rate of endemic fluorosis control of pupils in all the 37 counties increased from 45.03％(14637/32505) to 89.79％(52898/58910),of women of child-bearing age increased from 38.97％ (5729/14700) to 76.55％(19198/25080) after the health education.ConclusionsThe knowing rate of endemic fluorosis control among pupils and women of child-bearing age is remarkably increased after implementing the health education projects.They have better life and health habits,and the project has reached desired goal.

Objective To study the follow-up management strategies after improving stoves for controlling coal-burning type endemic fluorosis in Guizhou and to provide a scientific basis for exploring the follow-up management measures.Methods In 2006 - 2009,three counties of Puding,Bijie and Liuzhi with improved stoves in 2005 and implemented follow-up management measures for subsequent three years were chosen,3 towns were chosen randomly in each chosen county,2 villages were selected randomly in each chosen town,10 households were investigated randomly in each chosen village,and 20 students were investigated of the knowledge of fluorosis control.The investigation included also the usage of the stoves,dehydration methods of grain and related conditions.Results ①The head of the family and student awareness of fluorosis control were 82.6％(743/900)and 91.7％ (1650/1800),respectively,and 35.0％ ( 385/1100 ) and 61.0％ (6605/10 835 ),respectively,before the test,and the difference was statistically significant( x2 =33.04,1189.12,all P ＜ 0.01 ).②The rates of chimney out of the house were 88.5％(69/78) and 100.0％(102/102),respectively,compared with those before the trial[74.4％(2125/2856) and 2.1％(104/4984),respectively],the difference was statistically significant(x2 =720.56,4295.38,all P ＜ 0.01).The iron stove and the table stove's airtight utilization rates were 85.9％(67/78) and 100.0％(102/102),respectively.③The corn and the hot pepper's correct drying rates were 100.0％(180/180).Compared with those[27.2％(49/180) and 32.2％(58/180),respectively]before the trial,the difference was statistically significant(x2 =26.68,37.38,all P ＜ 0.01 ).The corn and the hot pepper's washing rates before eating were 95.0％(57/60) and 98.3％(177/180),respectively.Compared with those[85.0％(153/180) and 77.8％(140/180)]before the trial,the difference was statistically significant(x2 =135.00,490.82,all P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusions The target population's awareness and knowledge of fluorosis prevention and related behavior are significantly elevated and enhanced after implementation of the three years post-management,which has reached the desired goal.The strategies of the follow-up management suits Guizhou province and widespread application is suggested.

Neurofeedback, as an alternative treatment method of behavioral medicine, is a technique which translates the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals to styles as sounds or animation to help people understand their own physical status and learn to enhance or suppress certain EEG signals to regulate their own brain functions after several repeated trainings. This paper develops a neurofeedback system on the foundation of brain-computer interface technique. The EEG features are extracted through real-time signal process and then translated to feedback information. Two feedback screens are designed for relaxation training and attention training individually. The veracity and feasibility of the neurofeedback system are validated through system simulation and preliminary experiment.
Brain-Computer Interfaces ; Electroencephalography ; Female ; Humans ; Neurofeedback

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of nano-SiO2 on spatial learning and memory.

METHODSTwenty-four male rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group (C group), low dose group (L group) and high dose group (H group). The rats were intragastrically administrated with nanometer particles at 25 and 100 mg/kg body weight every day for 4 weeks. After exposure, the ability of learning and memory of rats was tested by Morris water maze, and electrophysiological brain stereotactic method was used to test long-tear potentiation (LTP) in dentate gyrus (DG) of the rats.

RESULTSThe increase rate of body weight in H group was reduced significantly compared with C group ( P < 0.05). In the space exploration experiment of Morris water maze test, the escape latency of H group was longer than that of C group (P < 0.05). The rats of H group spent less time in finding the target quadrant (P < 0.05) . The rate of LP induction of H group was significantly lower than that of C group (P < 0.05). After high fre quency stimulation (HFS), The changes of amplitude of population spike (PS) of L group and H group were lower than those of C group significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONNano-SiO₂may result in impairment of spatial learning and memory ability by reducing the rate of LTP induction and the increase of PS in hippocampus.

Animals ; Dentate Gyrus ; drug effects ; Long-Term Potentiation ; drug effects ; Male ; Maze Learning ; drug effects ; Memory ; drug effects ; Nanoparticles ; adverse effects ; Rats ; Silicon Dioxide ; adverse effects ; Spatial Learning ; drug effects

Objective To discuss the diagnosis and surgical management of multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma (MCRCC) and to evaluate the gene function of the mutation of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene in MCRCC. Methods Seventeen MCRCC cases (11 men and 6 women) out of 512 cases of renal cell carcinoma from 2000 to 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. The mean age of the 17 patients was 46 years (37-61 years). Ultrasonography and CT were available in all 17 cases, and 1 case was misdiagnosed as parapelvic renal cyst. The mutation of VHL gene was detected by PCR in the specimens of can-cerous tissue and adjacent normal tissue from 11 cases of MCRCC. Results Three of 17 cases underwent nephron sparing surgery, the others underwent radical nephrectomy. One case underwent unroofing of parapelvic renal cyst, but the rapid frozen pathology of the cyst wall showed renal cell carcinoma of clear type. As a result, radical nephrectomy was eventually performed. All 17 cases were confirmed as MCRCC by eva-luating pathological characteristics, such as the cyst wall lined by single or several layers of clear tumor cells and the nuclei which were small and anachromasis. Clinical stages of all cases were T1N0M0, in which there were 14 cases with pathological T1G1 and 3 cases with pathological T1G2. All patients underwent a follow-up of 9 to 36 months (mean, 12 months) without recurrence or metastasis. Mutation of VHL gene was detected in 7 of 11 cases (64%), but all adjacent normal tissues were negative. Conclusions As a rare subtype of renal cell carcinoma, MCRCC is difficult to diagnose. CT is an essential measure in diagnosis of MCRCC preoperatively. Because of the good prognosis of reported cases, nephron sparing surgery for the treatment of MCRCC is recommended. VHL gene mutations may play an important role in the carcinogenesis of MCRCC.

Objective To investigate the correlation of anthropometric parameters with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in Qinhuangdao college students.Methods A total of 789 subjects from two colleges in Qinhuangdao City (369 men and 420 women) were recruited using a cluster-stratified sampling method.Anthropometric measurements included height,body weight,waist circumference,hip circumference,blood pressure.and ALT.Body mass index,waist to height ratio,and waist to hip ratio were calculated.Results Elevated ALT was found in 16.3% of male participants and 4.0% of females(P<0.05).For males,those with elevated ALT showed significantly higher levels of anthropometric parameters (P<0.05).In females,the levels of anthropometric parameters were similar between subjects with or without elevated ALT(P>0.05).Receiver operating characteristie curve analysis also showed that obesity indices predicted elevated ALT only in men [area under the curve:0.8-0.9(P<0.05) in men,0.5-0.6(P>0.05) in wonlen].Blood pressure did not predict elevated ALT in both men and women (area under the curve:0.5-0.7).Conclusion Dender difference of obesity indices could be found in Qinhuangdao college students.Obesity indices may be independent predictors of elevated ALT in men.However,blood pressure seems not to be an independent predictor of elevated ALT.

Objective To assess the diagnostic value of various preoperative imaging examinations for the point of the lateral femoral circumflex artery perforators through the deep fascia,in order to provide reasonable evidence for the design of location and protocol of anterolateral thigh perforator flap.Mehtods From September,2013 to December,2013,23 patients (including 1 patient with bilateral anterolateral thigh perforator flap) preparing anterolateral flap surgery were randomly divided into 4 groups(every group was 6 side).The patients in different groups were using different imaging techniques respectively,such as handheld doppler (HHD),Color doppler sonography (CDS),MDCT angiography (MDCTA),CDS and MDCTA united image location technology.The flap sizes varied from 8 cm × 5 cm to 28 cm × 12 cm.Moreover the coincidence rate between preoperative and intraoperative location of the perforator vessel was evaluated.Results Ali flaps were survived after the operation.The donor site were primarily closed while partial skin grafting was performed in 8 cases.The appearance and functional resuhs were satisfactory with following up for 3 to 9 months.The rates of coincidence between the preoperative and intraoperative location of perforating branches were HHD 61.53％,CDS 87.50％,MDCTA 85.71％,CDS and MDCTA united image location technology 93.33％ respectively.The HHD group showed significant decrease compared with the other groups (x2 =7.92,P ＜ 0.01; x2 =6.15,P ＜ 0.05; x2 =12.54,P ＜ 0.01,respectively).The CDS group had no statistically difference with the MDCTA group (P ＞ 0.05).The united CDS and MDCTA group showed significant increase compared with the other groups (x2 =4.22,P ＜ 0.05; x2 =3.94,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion CDS and MDCTA united image location technology are more accurate for perforator preoperative location in auterolateral thigh flap,and should be widely used.