BACKGROUND:There are a variety of methods for establishing osteoarthritis animal model, and different methods and different animals have their own characteristics.
OBJECTIVE:To review the status of the research on osteoarthritis animal models.
METHODS:The relevant articles to the osteoarthritis animal models were searched in Medline database from January 2002 to October 2011, with the key words of“animal model, osteoarthritis”in English by the computer. Similarly, Chinese Journal Ful-text Database was retrieved for related articles published in Chinese from January 2002 to October 2011, with the key words of“animal model, osteoarthritis, research development”in Chinese. Total y 423 relevant articles were col ected and 128 of them conformed the standard. At last 40 articles were included to review after ful-text reading.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The artificial induced animal models are the principal means to establish animal models of osteoarthritis and they have been widely used in the study of osteoarthritis pathogenesis, drug efficacy, cartilage physiology and pathology. Spontaneous osteoarthritis animal models have great advantages in the study addressing the initial mechanism of osteoarthritis, the biochemical changes of articular cartilage and the comparison of prevention and cure effects. Transgenic animal models have great application prospects on studying cartilage repairing mechanisms and testing a gene to prevent, delay or reversal the morphological changes. Accordingly the choice of models should be based on research needs.

Objective To discuss the surgical method of resection of petroclival tumors used temporal base transtentorial approach.Methods Analyzed 26 cases of petroclival tumors.All of them were surgically treated under intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring by temporal base transtentorial approach.Firstly the supratentorial part of tumors were resected by pieces,and then the tentorium was cut open,in order to resect residue of the subtentorial part of tumors.This surgical maneuver was applied to reduce the retraction to surrounding vessels,nerves and brain stem,as well to protect important structures and to finally achieve radical removal of the tumors.The efficacy and complications were observed.Results Among 26 cases,19 cases (73.1％,19/26) achieved total removal,5 cases (19.2 ％,5/26) achieved subtotal removal and 2 cases (7.7％,2/26) achieved great partial removal.There was no surgery-related death.Eleven cases suffered from partial neurological deficit.All cases were followed up for 3 months to 4 years,3 cases underwent complete recovery,4 cases underwent partial recovery,and 4 cases underwent permanent deficit.Conclusions Using temporal base transtentorial approach to resect petroclival tumors is convenient,applicable,safe and with minimal injury and with high proportionality of total resection.Under intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring,this approach may be an ideal choice for surgical treatment of these tumors.

A commonly used Chinese crude drug Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus has been shown to possess good anticancer activities and related properties such as antioxidation, nitrite scavenging, nitrosamine synthesis blocking and immune enhancement, and has been widely used as an effective auxiliary drug in the treatment of some malignant tumors. This paper systematically reviews the advances in the study of anticancer-related activities of Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus's various components such as raw juice, extracts, saponins, volatile oil, polysaccharides, nitrogen compounds, etc.
Allium ; chemistry ; Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; pharmacology ; Antioxidants ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Oils, Volatile ; pharmacology ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology

Heuristic teaching is propitious to cultivating students' ideation. We have used different heuristic modes for example problems, stories, contrast, associationin and so on to cultivate medical students' ideation in pathobiology and immunology teaching and acquired good effect.

Objective To study the expressions of Ki67 and mTOR in Thy-1 nephritis model of rat who were given 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3[1,25(OH)2D3] and to explore its mechanism. Methods Healthy male SD rats (n=90) were random?ly divided into three groups: control group, model group, 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment group (n=30 in each group). Model group and 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment group were intravenously injected with anti-Thy1 monoclonal antibody once via tail vein while the control group were administrated with same volume of normal saline through the same route. 1,25(OH)2D3 were adminis?trated at 0.5μg per day intra-gastrically for consecutive 21 days in 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment group while equal volume of pea?nut oil were given in control group and model group. Six rats were randomly selected from each group and sacrificed at the 1st , 3rd , 7th , 14th and 21st after drug intervention. Twenty four hour urine sample were collected in each rat just before it was culled to detect 24-hour urinary protein excretion. Renal tissue samples were harvested and stained with hematoxylin&eo?sin (H&E) and PAS to determine the renal pathological variation and the expressions of mTOR and Ki67 were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results Urine protein begin to be detected at the first day after model was established, peaked at the 3rd days then started dropping until the 14th day when urine sample turned to normal. Urine protein levels were lower in 1, 25(OH)2D3 treatment group at the 1st,3rd,7th day after model establishment than those in model group(P<0.05). Compared with model group, the pathological damage of renal tissue in 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment group were alleviated at the 3rd and 7th day after model establishment (P < 0.05). Expressions of Ki67 and mTOR in 1, 25(OH)2D3 treatment group were reduced compared with those in model group (P<0.05). Twenty four hour urinary protein and expressions of Ki67 and mTOR as well as renal pathological damage were all positively correlated with each other. Conclusion 1,25(OH)2D3 can inhibit the proliferation of glomerular mesangial cells in Thy-1 nephritis model of rat. And its therapeutic mechanism may be associated with down reg? ulating expressions of Ki67 and mTOR.

Objective To explore change of peripheral blood CD5+B cells in the systemic lupus ery- thematosus(SLE)patients and the association of this change with the disease activity,Methods The percent- age of CD5~+B ceils in peripheral blood in 57 patients with SLE and 35 healthy controls was determined by flow eytometry.Levels of anti-dsDNA,complement C3 and C4,anti-nuclear antibody(ANA),anticardiolipin anti- body(ACL),were also measured.Results The percentage of CD5~+B cell in SLE patients(2.1?0.4)% was high- er than that in normal controls [(1.5?0.4)%](P＜0.05).In active disease group,the percentage of CD5~+B cells [(2.5?0.5)%] was significantly higher than that in inactive SLE patients [(1.4?0.5)% ](P＜0.01).The percent- age of CD5~+B cell associated with anti-dsDNA,ANA,ALA positively,with C3 negatively and had no associa- tion with C4.Conclusion The percentage of CD5~+B cells in the SLE is significantly high and has correlation and some relationship with the SLE.

Objective:To develop a biomimetic nanoparticle probe of hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) coated with breast cancer cell membrane, to observe its ability to target homologous breast cancer cells in vitro, and to investigate its effect of enhanced photoacoustic imaging and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) for breast cancer in vitro.Methods:The cell membrane of breast cancer 4T1 was extracted by chemical cleavage and repeated freezing and thawing. Then the HMME-coated polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer biomimetic nanoparticle was prepared by double emulsification and extrusion. The basic characteristics of nanoparticles were detected. The target ability of nanoparticles to homologous breast cancer cells and the enhancement of photoacoustic imaging were observed in vitro. Singlet oxygen sensor green (SOSG) was used to verify the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of nanoparticles, and its SDT effect on breast cancer cells was evaluated by CCK8 cytotoxicity assay.Results:The size of the prepared CHP-NPs was uniform, the morphology was spherical "core-shell structure" , the particle size was (275.23±8.25)nm, and the surface potential was (-18.43±0.45)mV. It was observed that CHP-NPs could target homologous 4T1 cells under laser confocal microscopy. In vitro photoacoustic imaging experiments show that the photoacoustic signal of nanoparticles increases with the increase of its concentration. According to SOSG probe detection, CHP-NPs could produce ROS under ultrasonic irradiation.When CHP-NPs was incubated with 4T1 cells alone and no ultrasonic irradiation was used, the cell survival rate was not significantly affected. When the concentration was 0.6 mg/ml, the cell survival rate was still 95%. After ultrasonic irradiation, CCK8 experiment showed that the CHP-NPs had a significant SDT effect on breast cancer cells.Conclusions:The biomimetic nanomolecular probe of breast cancer cell membrane is successfully prepared. The probe has good ability to target homologous tumor, and can significantly enhance tumor photoacoustic imaging and SDT effect.

Objective: To examine the effect of dietary behaviors on handgrip strength loss among the elderly, so as to provide insights into the prevention of handgrip strength loss. Methods : Based on the health surveillance cohort among the elderly in Zhejiang Province, two villages or communities were randomly sampled from each of Shaoxing and Zhoushan cities using a multi-stage cluster sampling method, and all residents that had lived in local areas for one year and longer and had an age of 60 years and older were enrolled. Participants' demographics, dietary behaviors, smoking, drinking, and exercise were collected through questionnaire surveys, and the height, body weight and handgrip strength were measured. The handgrip strength loss was diagnosed according the 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment proposed by Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia, and the effect of dietary behaviors on handgrip strength loss was examined using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: A total of 1 265 residents were enrolled, with a mean age of (70.67±7.30) years, and including 565 men (44.66%) and 700 women (55.34%). The overall prevalence of handgrip strength loss was 42.85% among the participants, and the prevalence was 40.35% in men and 44.86% in women, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that nut intake for 1 to 3 times a week (OR=0.180, 95%CI: 0.088-0.367) and for 4 to 6 times a week (OR=0.241, 95%CI: 0.113-0.514) led to a reduced risk of handgrip strength loss among the elderly, and intake of sugary drinks for 4 to 6 times a week led to an increased risk of handgrip strength loss among the elderly (OR=2.298, 95%CI: 1.120-4.714) after adjustment for age, body mass index, educational level and exercise. Conclusion Intake of nuts and sugary drinks may affect the development of handgrip strength loss among the elderly.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the two-tier system for the grading of ovarian serous carcinomas, and to analyze Pax2, p53, Ki-67 protein expression and their prognostic values for low- and high-grade ovarian serous carcinomas.

METHODSA total of 38 cases of low-grade and 100 cases of high-grade ovarian serous carcinomas were selected based on the two-tier grading system. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect Pax2, p53 and Ki-67 protein expression in all cases. Correlation of the two-tier system with immunohistochemical results and prognostic parameters were performed.

RESULTS(1) The overall survival, disease-free survival and 5-year survival rates were significantly higher in the low-grade serous carcinoma cases than in the high-grade cases (P < 0.05). (2) Significant differences in protein expressions were found between the low- and high-grade serous carcinomas. The high-grade serous carcinomas had a significantly higher expression level of p53 (55.0% vs 13.2%, P < 0.05) and Ki-67 (42.1% vs 13.7%, P < 0.05), while low-grade carcinomas had a significantly higher expression level of Pax2 (65.8% vs 13.0%, P < 0.05). (3) Pax2 positive cases had a significantly better overall survival and 5-year survival rates than Pax2 negative cases (P < 0.05). The expressions of p53 and Ki-67 were found to have little correlation with overall survival and disease-free survival (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe two-tier system for the grading of ovarian serous carcinomas has a good prognostic value. There are significantly differences in expressions of Pax2, p53 and Ki-67 between low- and high-grade ovarian serous carcinomas. Compared with p53 and Ki-67, Pax2 is likely a better prognostic indicator for ovarian serous carcinoma.

CA-125 Antigen ; metabolism ; Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous ; classification ; metabolism ; mortality ; pathology ; Disease-Free Survival ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ki-67 Antigen ; metabolism ; Membrane Proteins ; metabolism ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Grading ; Neoplasm Staging ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; classification ; metabolism ; mortality ; pathology ; Ovary ; pathology ; PAX2 Transcription Factor ; metabolism ; Survival Rate ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 ; metabolism