In order to determine the suitable harvest time of Dendrobium officinale from different regions in Yunnan province, the drying rate, mannose and glucose peak area ratio, extract, contents of polysaccharide and mannose of D. officinale samples collected from six producing areas in Ynnnan province were determined. The results indicate that drying rate and the contents of polysaccharide and mannose arrived the peak from January to April, extract reached a higher content from September to December, and mannose and glucose peak area ratio from October to February of the coming met the requirment of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Hence, the suitable harvesting time of D. officinale in Yunnan province is from December to February of the coming year,according to the experimental results and the request of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
China ; Dendrobium ; chemistry ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Glucose ; analysis ; metabolism ; Mannose ; analysis ; metabolism ; Time Factors

To understand Lophatherum gracile plant community's structural characteristics, a survey of community structure and species diversity was conducted through quadrat sampling in Yongchuan district of Chongqing. The results showed that there were 386 species vascular plants, belonging to 117 families and 229 genera. Based on habitat, community structure and species composition, L. gracile were found in three community types: Pinus massoniana community, banboo community, shurb community. Vertical structure was composed of three layers, including tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer. Species in shrub layer was the richness. P. massoniana is the only dominant species of the community, it can not regenerate naturally, the shrub layer has a greater effect on the community of L. gracile in the future. In addition, the banboo community and shurb community is not stable because of human's activity. Therefore, the community characters of L. gracile should be taken care of conservation when the resources are utilized.
China ; Ecosystem ; Pinus ; physiology ; Plants ; Poaceae ; physiology

OBJECTIVETo assess the efficacy and safety of bifid triple viable bacterial tablet in treatment of infantile diarrhea.

METHODSAccording to the requirements of Cochrane systematic review, a thorough literature search was performed among Chinese Digital Hospital Library (www.chkd.cnki.net) and Chinese Biomedical Literature Disk Database (CBMdisk). A meta analysis was performed on a total of 1326 patients involved in 12 papers which met the inclusion criteria.

RESULTSPublication bias analysis showed that the funnel plot was symmetrical. Test for heterogeneity showed that the groups treated with bifid triple viable bacterial tablet and antibiotics or anti-viral agents or placebo control had clinical homogeneity and statistical homogeneity (P = 0.66, 0.67, 0.85, respectively, I(2) = 0%), which allowed to use fixed effect model analysis. The bifid triple viable bacterial tablet and Smecta did not have statistical homogeneity (P = 0.02, I(2) = 70.9%), therefore random effect model analysis was applied. Incorporation analysis showed that in comparison of the bifid triple viable bacterial tablet versus antibiotics or anti-viral agents or placebo control, the odds ratios were 5.34, 4.74 and 6.43, respectively, and 95% CIs were [2.81, 10.16], [2.47, 9.09], and [2.61, 15.83], on test for overall effect, Z = 5.11, 4.67 and 4.04, P < 0.00001. In the forest plot the 95% CI horizontal line of incorporation odds ratio droped to the right side of the vertical line indicating the border of effectiveness. However, no statistically significant difference was found between bifid triple viable bacterial tablet and Smecta.

CONCLUSIONThe clinical evidences available so far indicated that treatment of infantile diarrhea with bifid triple viable bacterial tablet is safe and effective although rigorously designed large sample size randomized double blind clinical trials are required to further demonstrate and support the conclusion.

Administration, Oral ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; therapeutic use ; Anti-Infective Agents ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Antiviral Agents ; therapeutic use ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic ; Diarrhea, Infantile ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Infant ; Odds Ratio ; Tablets ; Treatment Outcome

Objective:To improve the genetic stability of HBV gene in transgenic mice.Methods:HBV transgenic mice were bred by backcross and double cross.The HBV gene expression and replication were studied with real-time PCR,ELISA and chemiluminescence.Results:The HBV transgenic mice have stably bred to 23rd generation.The serum HBsAg level is 4122.31?2044.74IU/ml;The rate of HBV transgenic mice whose serum HBV DNA reach 104~106copies/ml was 93.93%.The HBV replication and expression were improved markedly.There is no difference between male and female mice about serum HBsAg level.Conclusion:After breeding the HBV gene was expressed stably with high-level in transgenic mice.

OBJECTIVETo explore the clinical characteristics and risk factors of refracture in patients suffering from osteoporosis-related fractures as well as effective interventions.

METHODSFrom January 2006 to January 2008, both out-patients and in-patients in our hospital who were over 50 years old and suffered from osteoporosis-related fractures were selected for this research. They were divided into fracture group and refracture group. The refracture rate was followed up for 2 years, during which 11 patients developed refracture, thus were included in the refracture group. Therefore, 273 patients, 225 first-fracture cases, aged (67.7+/-8.5) years, and 48 refracture cases, aged (72.7+/-9.5) years, were included in this study. General data including age and sex, fracture types, femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) T-scores tested by dual-energy X-rays absorptiometry (DEXA), Charlson index, time-frame between two fractures as well as mobility skill assessment were collected and analyzed by single-factor and multivariate statistical methods.

RESULTSFemales accounted for 70.2% of the fracture group and 77.1% of the refracture group. The most common refracture type was vertebral fracture for the first time and femoral neck fracture for the second time during the follow-up. The second fracture happened 3.7 years after the first one on average. The refracture rate was 2.12% within one year, and 4.66% within two years. Risk factors for a second fracture in osteoporotic fracture patients included age (larger than 75 years, HR equal to 1.23, 95%CI 1.18-1.29; larger than 85 years, HR equal to 1.68, 95% CI 1.60-1.76), female sex (HR equal to 1.36, 95%CI 1.32-1.40), prior vertebral fractures (HR equal to 1.62, 95%CI 1.01-2.07), prior hip fractures (HR equal to 1.27, 95%CI 0.89-2.42), BMD T-score less than -3.5 (HR equal to 1.38, 95%CI 1.17-1.72) and weakened motor skills (HR equal to 1.27, 95%CI 1.09-1.40).

CONCLUSIONSThe risks of second fracture among patients with initial brittle fracture are substantial. There is adequate time between the first and second fractures for interventions to reduce the risks of refracture, especially for the old women with a vertebral or hip fracture. Medication, motor functional rehabilitation and fall-down prevention training are helpful.

Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Bone Density ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Motor Skills ; Multivariate Analysis ; Osteoporotic Fractures ; etiology ; Risk Factors

This study was purposed to explore the expression of p57kip2 in the bone marrow of patients with de novo myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and its role in MDS pathogenesis, as well as the relationship between the expression of p57kip2 and SDF-1/CXCR4 signal. The expression of p57kip2 and CXCR4 in 67 de novo MDS patients was measured by real-time quantitative PCR. The percentage of CD34(+) cells in the bone marrow from MDS patients was measured by flow cytometry. 18 healthy volunteers were recruited for control. The effect of SDF-1 on p57kip2 expression in bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMMNC) from MDS or normal controls was investigated in vitro, and difference between them was compared. The results showed that low-risk MDS and high-risk MDS displayed a significant reduction of p57kip2 mRNA expression in BMMNC compared with that in control group (P < 0.001) and there was a negative correlation between p57kip2 expression and percentage of CD34(+) (r = -0.458, P < 0.001); the patients with abnormal karyotype showed lower expression of p57kip2 gene, compared to patients with normal karyotype (P = 0.045). Although the expression of CXCR4 had no difference between MDS patients and normal controls, a positive correlation between p57kip2 and CXCR4 in MDS patients was still found (r = 0.609, P < 0.001). Moreover, SDF-1 increased p57kip2 expression in normal BMMNC in dose-dependent manner, but BMMNC from MDS patients showed no response to SDF-1. SDF-1-induced p57 expression was blocked by AMD3100. It is concluded that the low expression of p57 gene in MDS may play a role in the pathogenesis of MDS. Furthermore, SDF-1-induced p57kip2 expression in BMMNC, and the decreasing response of BMMNC to SDF-1 may contribute to the low expression of p57kip2 in MDS patients.
Case-Control Studies ; Chemokine CXCL12 ; metabolism ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Myelodysplastic Syndromes ; genetics ; metabolism ; Receptors, CXCR4 ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the frequencies and distribution of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells as well as the changes of immune activation in gastric mucosa of HIV-infected individuals.

METHODS42 HIV-infected individuals were recruited into this investigation, and 36 patients had definite diagnosis of clinical stage. Biopsy of gastric mucosal tissues was performed by fiberoptic gastroscope including 10 normal people as a control group. Then, immunohistochemistry was used to detect expression of CD4, CD8 and CD38 in gastric mucosa, and the distinctions among three groups were analyzed with LEICA Qwin image analysis system.

RESULTS(1) Compared with asymptomatic HIV carriers and control group, CD4 T cells remarkably decreased in the gastric mucosa of AIDS patients (P < 0.01). In gastric mucosa of asymptomatic HIV carriers, there were still some CD4+ T cells in lymphoid follicles and stroma where CD4+ T cells were unevenly distributed, the frequency of CD4+ T cells was not significantly different between asymptomatic HIV carriers and control group (P > 0.05); (2) Phenomenon of CD8+ T cells infiltrating mucosal epithelium and gland was general in HIV-infected individuals. CD8+ T cells took on local excessive hyperplasia in gastric mucosa of some individuals. As compared with control group, CD8+ T cells markedly increased in gastric mucosa of infected individuals (P < 0.01), but the distinction of asymptomatic HIV carriers and AIDS patients was not significant (P > 0.05); (3) CD38-expressing cells mainly distributed over gastric mucosal surface to superficial layer(1/3-2/3 layer) of HIV-infected individuals, and was more intensive than control group (P < or = 0.01), but there was not noticeable difference between asymptomatic HIV carriers and AIDS patients (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe frequencies and distribution of gastric mucosal CD4+ T cells of HIV-infected individuals were closely correlated with progression of disease. Disfunction of mucosal immune system which was resulted from HIV infection and injury of CD4+ T cells could be an important cause of CD8+ T cells increasing and CD38-expressing enhancement.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1 ; genetics ; immunology ; Adult ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; cytology ; immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; cytology ; immunology ; Female ; Gastric Mucosa ; immunology ; Gene Expression ; HIV Infections ; genetics ; immunology ; HIV-1 ; immunology ; Humans ; Lymphocyte Count ; Male ; Middle Aged

Porous carbon nanoparticles ( NPC) were prepared by ZnCl2 activation and carbonization using citrus waste as carbon source. A sample pretreatment method with NPC as dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE ) absorbent was established for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides in fruits and vegetables by gas chromatography. The NPC was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction ( XRD), FT-IR spectra, Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer, Emmett and Teller surface area(BET). Those results showed that the NPC was an amorphous porous carbon material with pore size in the range of 0-15 nm. Its specific surface area and pore volume were 1243 m2 / g and 1. 28 cm3 / g, respectively. The analysis conditions, including the amount and clean up time of adsorbent, were optimized by analysis of 14 kinds of oranophosphorus pesticides in fruits and vegetables with gas chromatography-flame photometric determination(GC-FPD). Moreover, the comparison for NPC with commercial materials of PSA, C18 and GCB was investigated in this study. The results indicated that the purification time was only 2 min using 0. 01 g NPC. The cost of NPC was about 25% of C18 , 21% of PSA and 16% of GCB. Because of the porous structure of NPC, the purification efficiency was significantly higher than the three commercial materials mentioned above. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration curves of the 14 organophosphorus pesticides were linear in the range of 0. 02-1. 00 mg / L with good correlation coefficients (R2>0. 99) and detection limits (S / N=3) of 0. 63-5. 30 μg / kg. The recoveries of the pesticides at three spiked levels ranged from 71. 3% to 114. 7%with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0. 9% -12. 9% . The method is simple, rapid, sensitive, and low cost, and can satisfy the requirements of detection of organophosphorus pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables, displaying a good application prospect.

Objective To construct the recombinant eukaryotic expression vector pRNAT-U6,1- siEdg4 which curries small interfering RNA(siRNA)of Edg4 and observe the silencing effect of Edg4 gene targeted siRNA in ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3.Methods The Edg4 gene-targeted hairpin siRNA sequence was designed according to the Edg4 sequence in Genbank,and the two complementary oligo nucleotide strands were synthesized and annealed and inserted into the pRNAT-U6.1 plasmid to build a recombinant Edg4 siRNA eukaryotic expression vector,which was sequenced and identified to contain the correct Edg4 siRNA sequence.The human ovarian carcinoma cell lines SKOV3 were transfeeted with the vector using lipofeetamine method.The efficiency of transfecting cells was observed with fluorescent microscope and the mRNA expression level of Edg4 gene was detected by real time quantitative PCR.The LPA levels in cell supernatants were detected using a biochemical method.And the apoptosis of SKOV3 cells induced by the vector was evaluated by flow cytometry.Results The recombinant eukaryotic expression vector was confirmed to contain correct Edg4 siRNA sequence by PCR and sequencing.After transfection large amounts of green fluorescence were seen in plasma and nuclei of SKOV3 cells and the positive cell rates were 64%.The expression level of Edg4 mRNA in transfeeted SKOV3 cell line was significantly decreased (0.05?0.01 vs 0.29?0.04,P

This study was aimed to explore the distribution characteristics of the human platelet antigen (HPA) gene of human platelet donors and its polymorphism in Mudanjiang area of Heilongjiang Province in China, to determine platelet antigen system with clinical significance by judging the rate of incompatibility of HPA, as well as to establish a database of donors' HPA. The genotyping of 154 unrelated platelet donors was performed by means of PCR-SSP. The frequencies of gene and genotype were calculated and compared with that in other areas. The results showed that the genes 1a-17a of HPA-a were all expressed in the 154 healthy and unrelated platelet donors. Only genes 1b, 2b, 3b, 5b, 6b and 15b of HPA-b were expressed while genes 4b, 7b-14b, 16b were not expressed. Among the genotypes, aa homozygosity was predominant and HPA15 had the greatest heterozygosity, while HPA3 had lower heterozygosity. There were 23 combined types of HPA, 5 of them had a rate higher than 10%, and the frequencies of the other 18 were lower than 8%. HPA genotype frequencies showed a good consistency to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. It is concluded that the distribution of the allele polymorphism of HPA1-HPA17 in Mudanjiang area has its own characteristics, compared with other areas and some countries, the local HPA genotype database of platelet donors is established in Mudanjiang area, which can provide the matching donors for clinical use with immunological significance.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Alleles ; Antigens, Human Platelet ; genetics ; Blood Donors ; China ; Databases, Genetic ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult