BACKGROUND: The persistence of bone atrophy and maxillary sinus gasification can cause a deficiency in the height of maxillary posterior teeth. It is very difficult to place dental implants at this site. Increasing bone mass in the maxilla is beneficial for dental implantation, and it is a currently accepted method to lift the maxillary sinus to compensate for bone loss. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the application effect of bone graft material, human working bone material and tissue engineering scaffold material in maxillary sinus elevation. METHODS: "Maxillary sinus elevation, dental implant, autologous bone, allograft, artificial bone, scaffold" were used as the key words in Chinese and English to retrieve relevant articles concerning materials used in maxillary sinus elevation included in PubMed and WanFang. Then, we analyzed the effects of different bone grafting materials on new bone formation, implant stability and bone-implant binding rate after maxillary sinus elevation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Autologous bone is the gold standard of bone graft material in maxillary sinus elevation, which can ensure the bone mass and the long-term stability of implantation around the implant, but it is easy to cause secondary damage to the donor area and to produce infection. Allogeneic bone can be used as an alternative material of autogenous bone,such as deproteinized bovine bone minerals,inorganic bovine bone,etc.,which can generate new bone and ensure dental implantation to achieve sufficient stability. Artificial bone materials such as hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate,biphasic calcium phosphate compound,etc.have good bone conduction and can achieve a high bone-implant contact rate. Tissue-engineered bone grafts that can combine stem cells and cytokines with bio-scaffolds for maxillary sinus elevation can promote new bone formation, increase bone mass, and ensure dental implantation to achieve good stability.

Background and Objectives: Chronic inflammation of bone tissue often results in bone defects and hazards to tissue repair and regeneration. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a natural cannabinoid with multiple biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and osteogenic potential. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and mechanisms of CBD in the promotion of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) osteogenic differentiation in the inflammatory microenvironment. Methods: and Results: BMSCs isolated from C57BL/6 mice, expressed stem cell characteristic surface markers and pre-sented multidirectional differentiation potential. The CCK-8 assay was applied to evaluate the effects of CBD on BMSCs’ vitality, and demonstrating the safety of CBD on BMSCs. Then, BMSCs were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammatory microenvironment. We found that CBD intervention down-regulated mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and promoted cells proliferation in LPS-treated BMSCs, also reversed the protein and mRNA levels downregulation of osteogenic markers caused by LPS treatment. Moreover, CBD intervention activated the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. While AM630, a selective CB2 inhibitor, reduced phosphorylated (p)-p38 levels. In addition, AM630 and SB530689, a selective p38 MAPK inhibitor, attenuated the enhancement of osteogenic markers expression levels by CBD in inflammatory microenvironment, respectively. Conclusions CBD promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs via the CB2/p38 MAPK signaling pathway in the inflammatory microenvironment.

Objective:To observe the effect of Shaoyaotang on the contents of cell adhesion molecule-1 （ICAM-1） and transforming growth factor-β₁ （TGF-β₁） in serum of large intestine damp-heat syndrome of ulcerative colitis （UC） in rats， and the gene and protein expressions of leukocyte differentiation antigen14 （CD14）， Fas-related death domain protein （FADD） and cysteinyl aspartate specific protease-8 （Caspase-8） in the focal colon tissue. Method:A total of 80 SPF Wistar rats were randomly divided into the blank group （n=10） and modeling group （n=70）. The large intestine damp-heat syndrome of UC rats was replicated by the combination of disease and syndrome， which was high-fat， high-sugar and spicy diets combined with 2， 4-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid （DNBS） and ethanol. After successful modeling， the modeled groups were divided into model group， sulfasalazine （SASP）control group， and low， medium and high-dose Shaoyaotang groups by the method of random number table， with14 rats in each group. Low， medium and high doses of Sulfasalazine 0.2 g·kg^-1·d^-1 and Shaoyaotang （6， 12， 24 g·kg^-1·d^-1）were given by gavage. The blank group and the model group were given equal volume of normal saline for 21 days. The contents of serum ICAM-1 and TGF-β₁ were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）， the expressions of CD14， FADD and Caspase-8 mRNA in colon tissues were detected by Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）， and the expressions of CD14， FADD and Caspase-8 protein in colon tissues were detected by Western blot. Result:Compared with the blank group， the serum ICAM-1 level in the model group were significantly increased， whereas the content of TGF-β₁ were significantly decreased （P<0.05）. The relative expression levels of CD14， FADD， Caspase-8 mRNA and protein were significantly increased （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the content of ICAM-1 in the serum of the rats in the medium， high-dose Shaoyaotang groups and the SASP group were significantly decreased， while the content of TGF-β₁ in the serum of the rats in the low， medium， high-dose Shaoyaotang groups and the SASP group were significantly increased （P<0.05）. The expression levels of CD14， FADD， Caspase-8 mRNA and protein in each intervention group were significantly decreased （P<0.05）， especially in the high-dose Shaoyaotang group and the SASP group. Conclusion:Shaoyaotang has a certain intervention effect on UC rats with large intestine damp-heat syndrome， and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of CD14， FADD and Caspase-8 genes and proteins expression.

This study was purposed to establish a convenient and efficient method for isolating and culturing mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). The femurs and tibias of mouse were taken under sterile condition. MSC were isolated and cultured with flushing- out bone marrow or collagenase-digested bone fragment or bone marrow plus bone fragment. MSC colony number and size were compared. Immunophenotype and differentiation ability were tested to identify MSC. The results showed that colonies from bone marrow plus bone fragment group came out earliest and the colony number was 20 ± 4 at day 4; there were 11.5 ± 2.5 colonies in collagenase-digested bone fragment group and 9.5 ± 1.5 in flushing- out bone marrow group. The total cell yields of MSC after passaging showed best in bone marrow plus bone fragment group. Flow cytometry data showed the cultured cells expressed Sca-1, CD44 and CD29, not expressed pan-leukocyte surface marker CD45 and endothelial cell marker CD31. The isolated and cultured MSC could differentiate into osteoblast at the osteogenic differentiation condition, or adipocyte at adipogenic differentiation condition. It is concluded that the method of bone marrow plus bone fragment is convenient and efficient for isolating and culturing MSC.
Animals ; Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; Cell Culture Techniques ; methods ; Cell Separation ; methods ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL

Hd-Zip, a unique transcription factor in plant kingdom, influences the growth, development, and secondary metabolism of plants. Hd-zip Ⅳ is thought to play an important role in trichome development of Schizonepeta tenuifolia. This study aims to explore the functions of StHD1 and StHD8 in Hd-zip Ⅳ subfamily in peltate glandular trichome development. To be specific, the expression patterns of the two genes and interaction between the proteins encoded by them were analyzed based on transcriptome sequencing and two-hybrid screening. The subcellular localization was performed and functions of the genes were verified in tobacco and S. tenuifolia. The results showed that StHD1 and StHD8 had high similarity to HD-Zip Ⅳ proteins of other plants and they all had the characteristic conserved domains of HD-Zip Ⅳ subfamily. They were located in the nucleus. The two genes mainly expressed in young tissues and spikes, and StHD1 and StHD8 proteins interacted with each other. The density and length of glandular trichomes increased significantly in tobacco plants with the overexpression of StHD1 and StHD8. Inhibiting the expression of StHD1 and StHD8 by VIGS(virus-induced gene silencing) in S. tenuifolia resulted in the reduction in the density of peltate glandular trichomes, the expression of key genes related to mono-terpene synthesis, and the relative content of limonene and pulegone, the main components of monoterpene. These results suggested that StHD1 and StHD8 of S. tenuifolia formed a complex to regulate glandular trichomes and affect the biosynthesis of monoterpenes.
Trichomes/metabolism* ; Lamiaceae/genetics* ; Tobacco/genetics* ; Monoterpenes/metabolism* ; Cloning, Molecular ; Plant Proteins/metabolism* ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant