Abundant evidences indicate a role of GABAergic system in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric dis-orders. GABAA receptors modulators have been long used in clinical. But the unwanted side-effect and risk of drug dependence have limited their use. With the increase understanding of the role of individual GABAA recep-tor subtypes in the pathology of these diseases, the subtype-selective GABAA receptors modulators and the multi-compound therapy may serve as potential therapeutic strategies. Here we review the researches which revealed the involvement of GABAA receptors in anxiety, depression and schizophrenia, and the research for new development in subtype-selective GABAA receptor modulators.

Female ; Granuloma, Respiratory Tract ; pathology ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary ; pathology

Objective To study the sub-health status and health-risky behaviors of left behind middle school students in Chongqing Three-gorge area and provide the reference for targeted interventions .Methods 1 528 cases of left behind middle school students were collected from three middle school by multistage cluster random sampling in a reservoir of Chongqing ,surveyed with questionnaire about health-risky behaviors and Multidimensional Sub-health Questionnaire of Adolescents(MSQA) .Results The rates of psychosomatic sub-health symptoms were 45 .0% ,body sub-health symptoms detection rate was 23 .3% ,psychological sub-health symptoms detection rate was 40 .1% .Body energy insufficiency ,the physiological function ,decreased resistance detection rate were 10 .2% ,15 .1% and 12 .0% ,respectively .The emotional problems ,behavioral problems ,social adaptation difficulties detection rate were 25 .9% ,16 .8% ,34 .3% ,respectively .The symptoms of sub-health detection rate of boys was higher than that of girls (P>0 .05) ,the junior grade One was higher than the senior grade One(P<0 .05) ,the one-child was higher than non-only child(P>0 .05) ,the boarding students was significantly higher than the day students(P<0 .05) .Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors had unhealthy diet behavior ,deliberately harm behavior ,suicide behavior ,unintentional injury behavior and Internet addiction .Conclusion The sub-health problem of left behind middle school student in Chongqing three-gorge area is in a general level ,the relevant departments should take some targeted interventions to improve students'health level .

Objective: To develop an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of six components (indirubin, peimine, peiminine, ginkalide A, ginkalide B, and ginkalide C) in Baikening Granules. Methods: Preparing the samples solution by Soxhlet's extraction using methanol-chloroform as solvent, and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with a polarity-switching electrospray ionization (ESI) source between positive and negative modes was used for the quantification of indirubin, two peimisines, and three bilobalides. The detection was performed on an Inertsutain C18 column (75 mm × 3.0 mm, 2 μm) using a mobile phase consisted of methanol-acetonitrile and 2 mmol/L ammonium acetate water solution with gradient elution lasting 6 min. Results: All of the analytes showed good linearity (r ≥ 0.995 8) in the tested ranges. The precision, repeatability, and stability of the method were good for the six components. The average recoveries were in the range of 96.5%-105.1% with relative standard deviations (RSD) ≤ 4.2%. Conclusion: The new established polarity-switching LC-MS-MS method has been proven to be highly sensitive and effective in evaluating the quality of Baikening Granules, and peimine, peiminine, ginkalide A, ginkalide B, and ginkalide C are quantified in this drug for the first time.

Objective To study the clinical application of the lung lesion biopsy through helical CT-guided fine needle aspiration. Methods 44 cases of lung lesions were pathologically biopsy diagnosed through helical CT-guided fine needle aspiration. Results All 44 lung lesions were successfully conducted biopsy through CT-guided fine needle aspiration, and the pathological confirmed diagnosis rate was 98%. Conclusion With high diagnosis rate, CT- fine needle aspiration is clinically applicable and the complication is rare. It is easily-operated, safe and economical.

Aldose reductase ( AR ) belonging to nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( NADPH ) -dependent aldehyde-keto reductase superfamily, is the key rate-limiting enzyme in the polyol pathway which plays an important role in the body’s high-sugar metabolism. AR is widely present in the kidneys, blood vessels, lens, retina, heart, skeletal muscle and other tissues and organs, converts glucose to sorbitol which easy permeability of cell membranes, cause cell swelling, degeneration, necrosis, and have a close relationship with the development of chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. Diabetic retinopathy ( DR ) is a multifactorial disease, the exact cause is currently unknown, but polyol pathway has been demonstrated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of DR. Clinical risk factors such as blood sugar control, blood pressure and other treatments for DR only play a part effect of remission or invalid, if we can find out DR genes associated with the disease, this will contribute to a better understanding of the pathological mechanisms and contribute to the development of new treatments and drugs. The current research progress of AR, AR gene polymorphism, Aldose reductase inhibitors to DR was reviewed in this article.

Objective To construct pseudotyped retroviral vector MuLV/VSV-G and transfer it into rabbit smooth muscle cells (SMC) in order to provide a high-efficiency vector for SMC gene transfer. Methods We constructed pseudotyped retroviral vector MuLV/VSV-G containing the previously reported gene lacZ, determined the titer, and determined the efficiency of gene transfer into SMC mediated by pseudotyped retroviral vector MuLV/VSV-G. Finally the transfer efficiency was compared with that by MuLV. Results MuLV/VSV-G vector was constructed. The titer of the vector was 6-7.8×10~6CFU, the transfer efficiency was (92±12)% by using MuLV/VSV-G vector and (24±5)% by MuLV vector. Conclusion Pseudotyped retroviral vector MuLV/VSV-G which was constructed successfully is a kind of high-efficiency gene transfer vector in smooth muscle cells.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection 1 week before pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients. METHODS: A retrospective research was done on 46 PDR patients who were divided into PPV group (n=28) and IVB group (n=18, PPV with preoperative IVB). Bevacizumab was injected 1 week before PPV. Main outcome measures were visual acuity, incidence of iatrogenic retinal breaks, intraoperative and postoperative bleeding. RESULTS: At 1 month after surgery, visual acuity in PPV (82.1%) and IVB group (88.9%) improved significantly (P<0.01) and the difference between the two groups was not significant. Iatrogenic retinal breaks were reported in 18 cases (64.3%) in PPV group and 4 cases (22.2%) in IVB group (P<0.05). Intraoperative bleeding was encountered in all cases in PPV group and 7 cases (39%) in IVB group (P<0.01). Postoperative bleeding was reported in 9 cases (32.1%) in PPV group and none in IVB group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: IVB injection before PPV is helpful in reducing iatrogenic retinal breaks, intraoperative and postoperative bleeding in PDR patients.

Aim To investigate the effect of curcumin on the expressions of NR2A, NR2B and apoptotic neurons in hippocampus after global brain ischemia-reperfusion in SD rats. Methods Global ischemic model induced by 4-vessel occlusion was adopted. Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: sham group (SH), ischemia-reperfusion group (I/R), curcumin 30(Cur 30), 100 (Cur 100) and 300 mg?kg-1 group (Cur 300). At different time points after ischemia, animals were designated as subgroups 2 h, 6 h, 1 d, 3 d, 7 d. Cell morphology was observed on HE stain slides. The apoptotic neurons were detected in CA1 region by TUNEL method. Expressions of NR2A and NR2B in hippocampal CA1 and CA3/DG regions were detected by Immunohistochemical technique. Results At each time point the number of apoptotic neurons was much more in I/R group than that in SH group and Cur 100 group,and in Cur 300 group than that in Cur 100 group. The expression of NR2A was higher in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3/DG regions in Cur 100,Cur 300, Cur 30 and SH groups than that in I/R group at each time point(P

OBJECTIVE: To establish an HPLC method for the content determination of prostaglandin A1 and prostaglandin B1 in Alprostadil for injection.METHODS: The determination was performed on Alltech Alltima C18 column with mobile phase consisted of phosphate puffer(pH=6.3)-acetonitrile-methanol(70 ∶ 25 ∶ 5) at a flow rate of 1.5 mL? min-1.The detection wavelength was set at 196 nm.The column temperature was set at room temperature and the injection volume was 20 ?L.RESULTS: The prostaglandin A1 and prostaglandin B1 were well separated from main component and other impurities.The linear range of prostaglandin A1 and prostaglandin B1 were 0.175～19.00 ?g?mL-1(r=0.999 7) and 0.23～19.90 ?g?mL-1(r=0.999 2).The contents of prostaglandin A1 in 3 batches of samples were 4.7%,4.9% and 4.3%,and the contents of prostaglandin B1 in 3 batches of samples were 0.6%,0.8% and 0.5% respectively.CONCLUSIONS: This method is proved to be simple,specific and suitable for the content determination of related substances in Alprostadil for injection.