ObjectiveThe aim of this paper is to investigate more effective ways in postgraduate academic training and research management by analysis of the scientific papers published in graduate school period.MethodsThe categories,quantity and quality of the scientific papers published by postgraduate students in Beijing Neurosurgical Institute from 2001 to 2010 were analyzed statistically.ResultsThe quantity of papers published by postgraduate students has been stably improved year by year,and the quality of the papers has shown an obvious tendency of increasing.ConclusionsAn outstanding research capability of the whole institute,the strict demand of supervisors and the reasonable encouraging systems in scientific research management are all the guarantee of the improvement of academic research ability of postgraduate students in Beijing Neurosurgical Institute.

Objective To investigate the effects of RNA interference (RNAi) targeting angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE) on blood glucose,insulin resistance,as well as oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic rats.Methods Type 2 diabetic rats were divided into diabetes control group (caudal intravenation with control adenovirus named Ad5),gene treatment group (caudal intravenation with recombinant adenoviral vectors named Ad5-ACE-shRNA,expressing ACE gene-specific shRNA),and enalapril group (intragastric administration with enalapril every day).At the same time,the normal blood glucose control group was set up.All rats were injected two times during the experiment period.Blood glucose was measured before and after the intervention.At the third day of the experiment,expressions of ACE mRNA and protein in pancreas were evaluated by RT-PCR and Western blot,and serum concentrations of ACE and Ang Ⅱ were measured by ELISA.By the end of the experiment,insulin sensitivity index was calculated and expressions of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein of epididymal adipose tissue and NAD (P) H (p22phox) protein of pancreas were measured.Results Blood glucose levels in the gene treatment group [(17.8 ±1.1) mmol/L] and the enalapril group [(17.9 ± 1.2) mmol/L] were lower than that in the diabetes control group [(24.9 ± 1.3) mmol/L] when the experiment was finished.ACE mRNA and protein expressions in pancreas of the gene treatment group were significantly decreased compared with the diabetes control group (P ＜ 0.05).Serum concentrations of ACE and Ang Ⅱ in the gene treatment group were (16.37 ± 3.01) ng/ml and (18.24 ± 3.69)pg/ml,significantly lower than those of the diabetes control group [(46.67 ± 3.92) ng/ml and (44.93 ± 4.12) pg/ml respectively,both P＜0.05].Insulin sensitivity indexes of the gene treatment group and the enalapril group were (-5.14 ± 0.41) and (-5.17 ± 0.38),being all significantly higher than that of the diabetes control group (-6.18 ±0.46,both P＜0.05).Expressions of GLUT4 protein in epididymal adipose tissue were higher and expressions of p22phox protein in pancreas were lower in the gene treatment group and the enalapril group than those of the diabetes control group (both P＜0.05).Conclusions RNAi targeting ACE gene may delay the progress of hyperglycaemia and improve the situation of insulin resistance and oxidative stress.The RNAi technology may be used as a new strategy of gene therapy for diabetes mellitus.

Objective To report our clinical outcomes of treating tibial defects combined with soft tissue defects using Ilizarov technique.Methods From May 2010 to February 2015,52 patients with combined bone and soft tissue defects of the tibia were treated at our department.They were 41 males and 11 females,aged from 19 to 65 years (average,37.7 years).By Gustilo classification,49 cases were type ⅢB and 3 type ⅢC.The areas of soft tissue defect ranged from 7 cm ×3 cm to 28 cm × 15 cm,and the tibial defects ranged from 5 cm to 15 cm in length (average,12.6 cm).The schemes of Ilizarov technique depended on the location and size of the tibial defects.Open wound dressing combined with bone transport was adopted in 21 cases,limb shortening followed by bone lengthening with compression at the fracture ends in 12 cases,and tissue flap transplantation combined with bone transport or lengthening in 19 cases.Results The follow-up time of the 52 patients ranged from 13 to 61 months (average,27.1 months).The distance of bone transport or lengthening ranged from 5.0 cm to 13.6 cm (average,10.8 cm);the bone transport speed averaged 0.81 mm/day.The tibiae united in all the 52 patients;the time for external fixation ranged from 13 to 21 months (average,15.3 months);the external fixation index was 2.3 months/cm.According to the Paley functional criteria,23 cases were excellent,19 good,9 fair,and one poor,yielding an excellent to good rate of 80.7％.Conclusion According to the location and size of the bone and soft tissue defects of the tibia,the 3 schemes of Ilizarov technique can be rationally chosen to obtain fine clinical outcomes.

AIM: To explore the effect of lacrimal duct laser with lacrimal drainage tubes and stents implantation for complexity dacryagogatresia.
METHODS: There were 65 patients ( 82 eyes ) with compound tears nasolacrimal duct obstruction who received lacrimal drainage tubes and stents implantation after laser. The lacrimal duct stents were removed through nasal cavity after 1mo. Lacrimal drainage tubes were removed after 3-6mo. Follow-up periods were 6mo to 1a.
RESULTS: In the 65 patients (82 eyes), 71 eyes were cured, 5 eyes improved, the efficient rate was 93%; there were 6 eyes (7%) with epiphora.
CONCLUSION: Lacrimal duct laser with lacrimal drainage tubes and stents implantation was efficient for complexity dacryagogatresia.

Aim To investigate the effect of intracerebroventricular morphine postconditioning against ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat heart and the mechanism of the central nervous system opioid receptor.Methods Forty-two Sprague-Dawley Rats were established intracerebroventricular catheter placement and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion models and randomly assigned to 7 groups:Sham group(Sham),control group(CON),intravenous control group(VCON),morphine postconditioning group(POC),intracereborventricular morphine postconditioning group(MOC).According to the dosage of intracerebroventricular morphine(3 ?g?kg-1,0.3 ?g?kg-1,0.03 ?g?kg-1),MOC group was assigned to three groups :MOC 1,MOC 2,MOC 3.Infarct size(IS),a percentage of the area at risk(AAR) was determined by triphenyltetrazolium(TTC) staining.c-fos expression in nucleus of tractus solitarius was determined by immunohistochemical method and Cardiac TroponinI(cTnI) of serum was observed at 120 min of reperfusion.Results Compared with control group,IS,IS/AAR and cTnI were significantly reduced in POC and MOC groups(P0.05).c-fos expression in nucleus of tractus solitarius were significantly reduced in MOC 2,POC(P

Objective To study the effects of using jaw tracking technique with Smart LMC algorithm on the absorbing dose of planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OARs) in dynamic intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).Methods Field fluencies of 10 cases of NPC patients were optimized using DVO algorithm on Eclipse TPS (11.0),and according to the same optimal fluence,MLC operation files were calculated using jaw tracking technique and jaw fixing technique respectively,dose distribution was calculated with AAA algorithm and jaw tracking IMRT plan (JT-IMRT) and jaw fixing IMRT plan (JF-IMRT) were generated respectively.Collimators' position at the plan implementation was observed,and the total number of plans' monitor units (MU),the dose of PTV,the absorb dose of OARs,and the actual fluence verification pass rate were compared.Results The collimators' opening gap distances in 166 control points of the JT-IMRT reduced in both X and Y directions in the field,compared to that of the JF-IMRT.Total number of the JT-IMRT's MU increased by 3.59％-11.63％.There was no statistical significant difference between the doses of the PTV.Statistical significance was found in the differences between maximum dose (Dmax) of brainstem,spinal cord,crystal,optic nerve,the mean dose (Dmean) and D50％ of parotid and their decreased values after therapy (t=5.70-8.66,P＜0.05).The actual fluence verification pass rate of the JT-IMRT was higher than that of the JF-IMRT.There was a significant difference between the results (t=5.18,P＜0.05).Conclusions The JT-IMRT plan of the smart LMC algorithm is more tolerant to the radiation leakage between inter-and intra-leaf.The dose of OARs is lower,while the dose calculation precision and the verification pass rate are higher,the actual radiation dose is more accurate and reliable.Therefore it is more suitable for clinical applications.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of differentiation between prostate cancer and prostatitis by using metabolic ratios provided by 3D 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI). Methods Metabolic changes were evaluated in 42 voxels with prostate cancer and 30 voxels with prostatitis in the peripheral zone using MRSI. The results were based on the pathologic findings by biopsy. The (choline + creatine)/Citrate (CC/C) ratio and the changes of choline and citrate levels were evaluated in each voxel with cancer or prostatitis, t test was used to determine the power of the CC/C ratio in differentiation between prostate cancer and prostatitis. Results The CC/C ratio for cancer voxels (1.28±0.41) was significantly different from the ratio in the voxles with prostatitis (1.03±0.40), t=6.45, P<0.05, due to greatly increased choline level in the cancer voxels. When CC/C ratio of 0.8 was taken as the criteria for the diagnois of prostate cancer, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 65.5%, 71.4% and 66.7%, respectively. Positive predictive value(PPV)and negative predictive value(NPV) were 90.5% and 33.3%, respectively. The CC/C ratio was higher than 0.86 in 66.7% voxels with prostatitis (20 voxels of total 30 voxels), which mostly depended on the level of choline. When citrate level was used as an auxiliary index to evaluate prostatitis (Cit/norm, Cit≥0.75), the misdiagnosis rate of prostate cancer was reduced to 26.6%(8 voxels of total 30 voxels). Conclusions The metabolic ratio of CC/C can be used to differentiate prostate cancer from prostatitis. The misdiagnosis rate is reduced when citrate is not or slightly decreased relative to normal citrate level (Cit/norm, Cit≥0.75).

Objective To explore the related factors with skin flap necrosis,we concluded the cases of patients with skin defects after free flap plantation.Methods From 2001 to 2016,188 cases about 20 influencing factors were analyzed (The characteristics of patients:age,sex,smoke,diabetes,high blood pressure;Preoperative factors:injured sections,injured causes,preoperative wound infection,preoperative wound osteomyelitis,the time from injury to operation;Intraoperative factors:operator,operation time,anesthesia time,intraoperative rehydration fluids,the way of vascular anastomosis,the number of venous anastomosis,the area of flap;Postoperative factors:flap hematoma,flap infection,vascular crisis) and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between these risk factors and flap necrosis.Results All 188 cases were treated with free anterolateral thigh flap to repair soft tissue defect and it was revealed that the 174 cases were successful (92.55％) and 23 cases were occured vascular crisis (12.23％),8 cases were arterial crisis,11 cases were vein crisis,4 cases were ateriovenous crisis.After the treatment,the rescue was successful in 5 cases (38.46％).After the analysis we made the conclusion that the number of venous anastomoses,flap hematoma and vascular crisis were related with the skin flap necrosis.Conclusion The number of venous anastomose (≥2) will increase blood return to make the flap easier to survive.Intraoperative stanching and drainage tube placement work will reduce the skin flap hematoma as a result of reducing the skin flap necrosis.Artery and venous crisis handled in time,can enhance the survival rate of flap.

Data management service abroad provided by subject librarians in biomedical field for scientific researchers, and the model, contents and efficiency of subject librarians-provided biomedical research data management service in NIH were analyzed according to the need for scientific research data management service in biomedical researchers . The enlightenments of biomedical research data management service abroad on the subject service in our library were elaborated .

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic evaluation of isotropic scanning and Lung Care soft- ware in solitary pulmonary nodules,and to improve the diagnostic accuracy.Methods 52 patients suffered from SPN were included in our study.Two experts in CT analyzed the films.First,they read the axial images and made diagnosis.Then isotropic scanning and lung care software approaches were used on 16 spiral CT and another analysis were made again.The results were compared with pathological diagnosis respectively. Results Spiculated sign,lobulated sign,vessel convergence were found more on isotropic scanning approach, that had significant difference with axial images analysis(P