Receptor activity-modifying proteins(RAMPs) are type I transmembrane proteins,which are activity-modifying proteins of a variety of G-protein-coupled receptors(GPCRs).RAMPs are related to physiological and pathological phenomena such as neurological diseases,cardiovascular diseases,renal function,skeletal development and obesity,and of great significance for disease prevention,which are potential targets for the treatment of various diseases and also closely related to the prognosis of diseases.At present,there are few studies on proteins that may regulate the expression of RAMPs.This paper focuses on the sterol regulatory element-binding factor-2(SREBF-2) that may regulate the transcription and expression of RAMP3, and reviews the research progress of RAMPs in biology,pathology and pharmacology,providing a reference for the further research on RAMPs and the prevention and detection of related diseases.

BACKGROUND: Disturbance of mitochondrial fission and fusion (termed mitochondrial dynamics) is one of the leading causes of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced myocardial injury. Previous studies showed that mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) conferred cardioprotective effect against myocardial I/R injury and suppressed I/R-induced excessive mitophagy in cardiomyocytes. However, whether ALDH2 participates in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics during myocardial I/R injury remains unknown. METHODS: In the present study, we investigated the effect of ALDH2 on mitochondrial dynamics and the underlying mechanisms using the H9c2 cells exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) as an in vitro model of myocardial I/R injury. RESULTS: Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was significantly increased after oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R), and ALDH2 activation largely decreased the cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Additionally, we found that both ALDH2 activation and overexpression significantly inhibited the increased mitochondrial fission after OGD/R. Furthermore, we found that ALDH2 dominantly suppressed dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) phosphorylation (Ser616) and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation (Thr172) but not interfered with the expression levels of mitochondrial shaping proteins. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate the protective effect of ALDH2 against cardiomyocyte H/R injury with a novel mechanism on mitochondrial fission/fusion.

The intestinal mucosa is the biggest lymph organ in human body, which consists of the first line of defensive system with the respiratory mucosa and urinary mucosa. The intestinal mucosa is responsible to defend bacteria, viruses, dietary pathogens, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug and so on. If the intestinal mucosal immune system is destroyed, the human will suffer many diseases such as infectious diseases,autoimmune diseases. Therefore, it plays an important part in physical health. T helper type 17 (Th17) cells different from Th1 cells and Th2 cells are a distinct lineage of T cells. The discovery of Th17 cells has ruined the constitutional pattern of Th1/Th2. Th17 cells, which are important parts of intestinal mucosal immune system,play critical roles in intestinal autoimmune diseases, tissue inflammation and the infection of various pathogenic bacteria. This paper will review the differentiation of Th17 cell and its function in intestinal mucosal barrier,intestinal autoimmune diseases and intestinal infectious diseases.

Rotavirus(RV) is the leading pathogen of acute gastroenteritis in children,accounting for approximately 5 ％ of deaths worldwide.By now,no specific antiviral treatment is available for rotavirus infection.The duration of passive immunization is shorter than active,so oral immunoglobulin for prevention and treatment of rotavirus might not be the best strategy.Currently,two rotavirus vaccines-Rotarix and RotaTeq are licensed and used in many countries,and they have been recognized as powerful weapons to combat deaths from acute gastroenteritis.The trials of interventions,such as oral rehydration,zinc preparations,probiotics and nitazoxanide are testified to be effective for some young children with acute gastroenteritis.This paper reviews the progress of prevention and treatment of rotavirus infections in children.

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was first discovered over 50 years ago, and is currently applied clinically in diagnosis, effects evaluation and relapse judgement of tumors especially for the primary hepatocellular carcinomas.And as an effective tumor marker, AFP test has become one of the essential items in physical examination.However, its clinical application is not limited to primary hepatocellular carcinomas,and its great application value has been proved in many benign diseases and other tumors (non-hepatic carcinomas).

Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways,caused by multiple genetic and environmental factors.Thtee key methods including candidate gene study,the positional cloning and genomewide association studies.are used for asthma susceptibility gene identification.There are many candidate genes that haye been identified as asthma susceptibility gene, including ADRB2,IL4R,FLG,NPPA,INPP4A,ADAM33, DPP10,OPN3,0RMDL3,PDE4D,CHBLI etc.Replication of genetic associations and demonstration of a functional mechanism for the associated gene variants are needed to COnfirm an asthmasusceptibility gene, this will help us to understand the aetiology of asthma and explore new drugs to treat asthma.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune-mediated inflammatory diseases in which immunologic derangement throughout this process.There are a varriety of abnormal immunoregulation,including the disturbance of Help T cell 1,Help T cell 2,Th17 cell and regulatory T cell( Treg cell),disfunction of the B cell subsets and deficiency of the immune tolerance,lead to the disturbance of related cytokines.Recently,it was indicated that the abnormal of cross regulation existencd between Help T cell 1 and Th17 cell,and the disfunction of non-antibody-dependent B cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of SLE,According to different immune status,appropriate and targeted treatment was given in order to improve the prognosis of the patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective:To observe the clinical curative effect of narrow-band UVB-LED (308nm) combined with tacrolimus, narrow-band UVA-LED (365nm) combined with 8-Methoxypsoralen irradiation in the treatment of vitiligo.Methods: Sixty-four cases of vitiligo patients were chosen and randomly divided into control group and observation group, each group with 32 cases. The control group received 308nm narrow-band UVB-LED irradiation combined with tacrolimus,the observation group received 365nm narrow-band UVA-LED irradiation combined with 8-Methoxypsoralen, the time of appreance of the first pigment island in patients were compared between the two groups,the clinical curative effect of both groups were observed when treated with 10 times and 20 times.Results: The average irradiation times when first pigment island appreance in the observation group and the control group were 5.59 and 6.24 respectively, the difference was not statistically significant (t=1.772,P>0.05). The efficiency rate of the control group was 37.50% after 20 times treatment, and in the observation group was 40.63%, the difference was not statistically significant (x2=0.000,P>0.05).Conclusion: 308nm narrow band UVB-LED combined with tacrolimus and 365nm narrow-band UVA- LED combined with 8- Methoxypsoralen irradiation in the treatment of vitiligo have significant treatment effects, how to improve the treatment effect still need further study.

The procedure of treating prostate cancer is as the following: After local prostatectomy or radiotherapy or local palliative therapy, androgen-dependent prostate cancer(ADPC) should be given first-line endocrinal therapy. Almost all patients will be developed from ADPC to hormone independent prostate cancer (HIPC) after 14 ～ 30 months, including androgen-independent prostate cancer(AIPC) and hormone-refractory prostate cancer(HRPC). Second-line endocrinal therapy and chemotherapy should be given, respectively. Antibone metastasis therapy is given when bone metastasis occurred. All medical methods should be used rationally and comprehensively to improve the management of prostate cancer.

Certain specific cancer stem cell subpopulation has been isolated from many kinds of tumors by some specified cell surface maker, including myeloma, lung carcinoma, colon cancer, prostate cancer and pancreatic carcinoma. However, poor individual specificity of cell surface maker molecules and heterograft-related problems provoke more researchers to find more specified cell surface makers and establish humanized mice receptor model in the future. From a clinical perspective, tumor stem cells are considered to be the potential target for curing cancer. Research advances in tumor stem cells can help us to elucidate the close relationship between tumor stem cells and tumorigenesis and provide new ideas and alternative pathways for us to conquer the tumor and avoid tumor recurrence and metastasis.